Friday, May 31, 2019

As Good As It Gets?: An Examination Of The Mechanism And Mode Of Treatm

As Good As It Gets? An Examination Of The Mechanism And Mode Of Treatment Of Obsessive-Compulsive discommode neurotic disorder, often referred to as simply OCD, is a mental illness in which an individual experiences endless cycles of repeated thoughts and rituals, known as obsessions and compulsions, which she feels she cannot control (1). Although many people possess habits and routines that help them organize their all(prenominal) day schedules, people with OCD form patterns of behavior that are extremely time-consuming and interfere with their daily lives. Once believed to be a rare and incurable distemper which people kept hidden for fear of embarrassment (2), OCD is now recognized as being far more common than previously believed, affecting twain men and women, and people of all races and socio-economic backgrounds equally (3). In fact, recent studies have shown that about 2.5% of the population have this disorder at some point in their lives (2), with between 3 to 5 millio n Americans affected with the disorder each year (3). Though OCD is a chronic illness that can take everyplace a persons life if left untreated (1), a strict regiment involving proper medication and effective treatment can vastly improve the OCD sufferers condition. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is composed of two major constituents evident in its very name - obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are recurring thoughts or impulses that seem to invade ones mind notwithstanding attempts to ignore or suppress them (4). Though these thoughts range from the tedious and seemingly innocuous sort, to the shameful and morbid kind, all are generally viewed as gaunt and are accompanied by anxiety to some degree (4). Some common examples of obsessions include fe... ...tion remains an option. Regardless of whether an OCD patient is treated in or out of a hospital, treatment is vital in improving his condition, for if left untreated, the disorder will continue indefinitely (3). With the wide range of treatment options useable to OCD sufferers and the extensive studies being conducted in lieu of the disorder, the promise of a future with less worries and anxiety appears to be well within reach.WWW Sources1) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , on the National Institute of Mental Health websitehttp//www.nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/ocdfacts.cfm 2) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder What Is It and How To Treat It http//familydoctor.org/133.xml3) Most Frequently Asked Questions About OCD http//www.ocdhelp.org/faq.html4) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , on the Encyclopaedia Britannica website http//www.britannica.com/

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Making a Less Restrictive Environment Through Inclusion Essay -- Inclu

Making a Less Restrictive Environment Through cellular inclusionInclusion can be an excellent opportunity for many students with supernumerary necessitate when the classroom situation appropriately fits the inescapably of the students with special needs, the needs of the quiet of the students in the classroom, and the teacher. It allows special needs children the ability to defy stigmas, a deficit of resources, and unrealistically low expectations. Social atmospheres enable both the special needs and non-special needs children necessary potential bonding opportunities for proper development. Additionally, the increased class size and demands mandate additional support and aid for the teacher. Unfortunately, there still exists much contest over the definition of inclusion as well as the implementation of it. Arguments over consequences, support, effectiveness, and funding dampen its effects. The future of the inclusion process for special needs children still leaves much to the imagination.Conclusion The issues surrounding special needs children are diverse and not easily rectified. The complication and variety of the childrens situations and individual needs are a further complication to this dilemma. The children, those with and without special needs, are undoubtedly the future of the world All should be equipped to deal with tomorrows challenges with the most formidable tools at disposal. This should be priority one.Inclusion can be an excellent opportunity for many students with special needswhen the classroom situation appropriately fits the needs of the student with special needs, as well as the rest of the students in the classroom, and the teacher. There are many advantages of integrating a student with special needs i... ...html Sullivan, L. (2001). Why Inclusion? Retrieved October 25, 2003, from http//www.childcareresourcesinc.org/pdfs/TS525.pdf Viadero, D. (1993). Special Educators Group Weighs in on Full Inclusion. Retriev ed November 16, 2003, from http//www.edweek.org/ew/ewstory.cfm?slug=29cec.h12Venn, J. (1999). Students with Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments. ERIC Clearinghouse Digest, 459. Retrieved October 17, 2003 from ERIC.Harris-Kroll, N. (2002). Learning in resourcefulness Rooms. Retrieved November 22, 2003 from http//learningresourcecenter.net.Special Education Curriculum. (2002). Retrieved December 3, 2003 from http//www.stow.summit.k12.oh.us/speceduc.htm.Kidder, K. (2003). Pull-Out or Pull-In? What Works Best. Retrieved on November 21, 2003 from http//www.ldonline.org/ld_indepth/special_education/inclusion_pullin.htm.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Nursing - Unprofessional Conduct :: Nursing Essays

Nursing - Unprofessional ConductUnprofessional Conduct according to the Arkansas State Board of Nursing is detailed in ASBN Rules and Regulations, Chapter 7, plane section XV, 6. The section states the following conduct are considered unprofessional. Failing to assess, evaluate, and intervene, Incorrect documentation, Missappropriation of residents property, Medication and Treatment errors, Performing or attempting to perform procedures that the nurse is untrained to do, Violating confidentiality. Neglect/ horror or failure to report these incidents, Failing to report violations or attempted violations to the ASBN, In countenance delegation of duties, Failing to supervise, Practicing when unfit.To report alleged violations to the ASBN. The person reporting essential put the complaint in writing and send to the ASBN. Anyone can report violations to the ASBN but Nurses are obligated to report to the ASBN. When reporting they want the sentinel shell or the violation and patterns of b ehavior of the individual. The written complaint must contain Who, What, When, Where.What is Abandonment? According to the ASBN abandonment is broken down into two categories patient abandonment and job abandonment. Patient abandonment is the nurse taking the assignment and establishing a nurse-patient relationship then severing that nurse-patient relationship without giving reasonable notice to the appropriate person (supervisor, employer) so that arrangements can be made for continuation of nursing care by others. The employer may chip in another meaning of abandonment, staying over shifts when there is no relief, making the nurse work on scheduled off days. These situations are not governed by ASBN and are not punishable. The employer can fire you for these offenses though.The ABSN have set guidelines for convictions for crimes that bar you from holding license in the state of Arkansas. These convictions are as stated. Capital murder, murder 1st and 2nd degree, battery 1st deg ree, internal indecency/assault, incest, child pornography, offenses against the family, felony adult abuse, theft of property, promotion of prostitution 1st degree, stalking, arson, endangering the welfare of a minor 1st degree, aggravated robbery, terrorist threatening 1st degree, kidnapping, robbery, violations of uniform controlled substances act. If an nurse that is convicted of one of these crimes may voluntarily surrender there license. When the court requirements are met the convicted nurse may submit a request for a wavier. With the spark request the nurse must provide evidence that thee court order has been met, rehabilitation, and provide letters of reference.

Management Essay -- Business, The equity System, Employee Evaluation

1.0IntroductionThis chapter consists of the background of the read, problem statement, research objectives, includes both general and specific objectives, finally the significant of the study.1.1 Research background correspond to David E. Terpstra (2003), organization policies on the fee and practices play competitive roles in the business environment. However, organization must be able to plant and design a miscellanea of law systems which consists of distributive equity (external equity, internal equity, individual equity) and procedural equity in constructing profits system. Hence, it is important for the organization in packaging attractive commit and compensation policies as part as to be competitive with the market in the similar industry by adopting form of relevant equity systems. Milkovich & Newman (1996), define pay distribution as compensation levels paid for the individual performance, human capital and work responsibilities within a single organization. However, Gary Dessler (11th edition, 2008) viewed that, manager should categorize equity systems into four elements which arei.External equity refers to the differences in jobs pay rate from one company to other companies.ii.Internal equity which measuring the differences in the jobs pay rate from one position to another position in the same company.iii.Individual equity refers to fairness of the pay that do by the company by looking at the individual performance at the same or very similar kind of jobs within the company.iv.Procedural equity refers to the decision made regarding the allocation of pay by looking at the fairness in the processes and procedures.Employees received rewards which satisfy their needs and expectations (individual go... ...ng the organization productivity (Lawler, 2003). The importance in conducting this study is actually to oversee whether the equity systems are considered during assessing the employee performance. If the equity systems linked with the performanc e, most of the organization must be pulmonary tuberculosisd equity systems in setting their compensation rate. It is learnt that, money is one of motivator factor which may increase the employee credibility level in performing well. For example, if the individual is performing well, the organization may use individual equity in assessing the level of the performance before rewarding them. Since most of the employee believes equity rate is the most importance elements that need to be considered by the organization, it is the organization responsibilities to designing a competitive compensation package which may benefit both parties.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

oTHELLO :: essays research papers

Othello EssayIn Shakespeares Othello, the role of women is deeply emphasized the significant characters of the play Othello, Iago, and Casio, each have a chick that stands behind him. These women each have commitment to remain faithful and respect their husbands needs, especially Desdemona and Emilia.Desdemona is the victim of this play Shakespeare portrays her as the loyal wife even up to her death. Throughout the story, Desdemona appears to live for her husband. Desdemonas one goal in life is to please her husband.Emilia represents another aspect of female strength, less logical character, which relies on her horse sense experience of instinct. She understands her role as a wife (act 4, scene 3) Emilia is talking to Desdemona about husbands. " Yet we have some revenge. Let husbands know Their wives have sense like them. They see, and smell, and have their palates both for sweet and sour, As husbands have. What is it they do When they change us for others? Is it sport? I sp eak out it is. And doth affection breed it? I think it doth. Ist fraility that thus errs? It is so too. And have not we affections, Desires for sport, and frailty, as men have?"(page 217 line 104-113). Emilia and her husband Iago have different affiliation than Desdemona and Othello. Desdemona and Othello truly have it off each other, while Emilia, having no common sense of hatred towards Othello, has never actually loved Iago. She educate Desdemona, she is ignorant of Iagos evil nature and is also trustful of his plot against Othello.Bianca appears to have a very insignificant role in the play, yet she as a major role in the death of Desdemona. Biancas relationship with Cassio, seems as though Bianca really wanted to have a relationship with him, (scene 3, act 4).

oTHELLO :: essays research papers

Othello EssayIn Shakespeares Othello, the enjoyment of women is deeply emphasized the significant characters of the play Othello, Iago, and Casio, each have a lady that stands behind him. These women each have commitment to remain faithful and respect their husbands needs, especially Desdemona and Emilia.Desdemona is the victim of this play Shakespeare portrays her as the firm wife even up to her death. Throughout the story, Desdemona appears to live for her husband. Desdemonas one goal in life is to please her husband.Emilia represents another aspect of female strength, slight logical character, which relies on her sense of instinct. She understands her role as a wife (act 4, scene 3) Emilia is talking to Desdemona about husbands. " Yet we have some revenge. allow husbands know Their wives have sense like them. They see, and smell, and have their palates both for sweet and sour, As husbands have. What is it they do When they change us for others? Is it sport? I think it is. And doth love breed it? I think it doth. Ist fraility that thus errs? It is so too. And have not we affections, Desires for sport, and frailty, as men have?"(page 217 line 104-113). Emilia and her husband Iago have contrasting affiliation than Desdemona and Othello. Desdemona and Othello truly love each other, while Emilia, having no common sense of hatred towards Othello, has never actually loved Iago. She educate Desdemona, she is ignorant of Iagos cruel nature and is also unsuspecting of his plot against Othello.Bianca appears to have a very insignificant role in the play, yet she as a major role in the death of Desdemona. Biancas relationship with Cassio, seems as though Bianca really wanted to have a relationship with him, (scene 3, act 4).

Monday, May 27, 2019

An African American Fight for Respect Essay

For thousands of years women have been fighting for many things, one of the closely important being watch. Some people may think respect for a woman is simply holding the door for her as she walks through, pulling her chair unwrap for her onwards she is seated, or maybe just standing when she leaves the table but respect is so much more than that. Respect is a feeling of deep perplexity for someone elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements. Respect is a feeling that cannot just be given to someone, it is a feeling that must be earned, fought for, or rewarded.For the African American woman, respect did not come by so easily no matter how hard they fought or even if they earned it. Examples of the African American woman fighting for her respect, has once upon a time been one of the many melodic themes during all literary periods. The devil works that I chose have the homogeneous theme of respect. The literary pieces are Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston and The Color Purple by Alice baby-walker. These both works show the same theme of respect for macabre women and the struggle for it from men.Though both stories have comparisons that could go on for days, they just as well have their differences by the way the handle the theme of respect. Alice Walker has been writing stories and poetry for many years. As a graduate of Spelman College she was given great opportunities and was given a solid education. Womens rights and respect has always been two topics close to Alices heart. It has been said, that Alice Walker expresses the struggles of b drop people, particularly women, and their defys in a racist, sexist, and violent society. Her writings also lean more towards the roles of black women through civilization and history.On March 3, 2008 Alice Walker was arrested on International Womens Day for crossing the police line at a rally in former of The White House. Walker has set a standard and has never had any need or want to change it. Of the many stories that Alice Walker has written, the one that stands out the most to me dealing with the female struggle for respect is the story made movie and musical, The Color Purple. The Color Purple, is a story written in 1982 that has win multiple awards and recognitions for its not so classy taste and realistic views.Some of these awards being from the Blue Ribbon Awards, Black Movie Awards, Golden Globe Awards, eleven nominations during the Oscars, and plenty more. The main characters in The Color Purple, are Celie Harris Johnson and Mister Albert Johnson. Celie has been abused since she was just a young girl she had two children by her father Leonard and she is forced to draw Albert, a young widower, by the age of fourteen. During her years of being married to Albert, she is taunted, disrespected, beaten, and abused up until she turns her life around when she meets Shug Avery, a well-known Jazz singer, who comes to live with the couple.Shug takes it upon herself to help Ce lie raise her self-confidence so she can not only stand up to her husband and demand respect, but to feel beautiful well-nigh herself inside and out. By the end of the story, Celie stands up to Avery and is finally reconnected with the family that was once taken away from her. Another great black female author who proudly carries the theme of respect in her stories is Zora Neale Hurston. Hurston, a graduate of Howard University, was a well-known author during the Harlem Renaissance.Hurston is most known for her famous literary piece entitled, Their Eyes Were Watching matinee idol which caught the eyes of readers around the world. Like Alice Walker, Zora Neale Hurston has also won multiple awards for her fabulous novels, short stories, and poems. The story Sweat written by Zora Neale Hurston takes place in a small all black town located near Orlando, Florida. This story, like many others with disrespect towards the wife, starts off with husband Sykes taunting his wife Delia by trick ing her into thought process that the whip he throws over her shoulders is a snake, knowing she is deadly terrified of them.Throughout the story, Delia deals with infidelity, abuse, rumors, and taunting from her husband. Towards the end of the story, her husband buys a rattlesnake and refuses to take it rearward where he found it from, knowing his wife is terrified. In the end, that very snake gets loose, bites, and kills him Delia stands their watching him die. The website articlemyriad. com states The reader can speculate on whether or not Delia was as well afraid to move to get help for her husband, but it is the general consensus that she purposefully let him die.While you could argue both, if you are going to contend that she was just afraid, youd better take a closer look at the text before trying to defend your point. One of the greatest comparisons in this story is the lack of respect the husbands have for their wives, a marriage is supposed to be filled with trust, respe ct, love, and honesty, all of which the two marriages in The Color Purple and Sweat lacked. Although there are many comparisons, there were also contrasts in the two stories, although not exactly easy to find with a closed mind.A contrast in these two stories to me that stood out the most were the personalities of the two wives in the stories. In The Color Purple, Celie is abused and taken advantage of, but holds a quiet tongue until the end Delia in Sweat is abused and taken advantage of , but she always speaks her mind and portrays her true feelings towards something. With these two stories I felt it was good to have the personalities of the women who wanted respect to be completely different so that I could compare and contrast just a bit more clearly.One was more hidden and unplowed feelings to herself, the other more outgoing and stronger like all women should be. In conclusion, respect for women, especially blacks, has been a subject that will always be discussed and fought fo r. Zora Neale Hurston and Alice Walker draw the struggle for respect in many similar and different ways. I stated earlier that for thousands of years women have been fighting for many things, one of the most important being respect and that respect was a feeling that cannot just be given to someone, it is a feeling that must be earned, fought for, or rewarded.I am proud of the long way that not only African American women have come, but women all race and I am successful to have such profound women to look up to. Women in the past who have fought for our rights set a high standard for the rest of us to observe and I look forward to doing just so. Works Cited 1. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature Second Edition Henry Louis Gates Jr. & Nellie Y. McKay.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Dozier a

1. Evaluate each of the different alternating(a)s. Justify your assumptions and argue which is the best wiz for Dozier. After their bid was accepted, Dozier has three options to choose from. Of the three choices, the 1st alternative yields the most profit. However, the profit from alternative 1 seatnot be underwrited, and it is much to a greater extent volatile. The high society wants to expand its market to the U. K. and also guarantee the profit (while minimizing metamorphose chance). Therefore, alternative 2, which has a higher profit margin than alternative 3 is the best hedging choice for Dozier. Alternative 1Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Dollar value of the balance $1,505,086. 88 $ 1,501,438. 5 $1,493,995. 00 Dollar value of the contract $1,677,311. 33 $1,673,663. 00 $1,666,219. 73 Total cost $1,642,783. 00 $1,642,783. 00 $1,642,783. 00 Profit $34,528. 32 $30880 $ 23,437. 00 Percent of Profit 2. 10% 1. 88% 1. 43% Cost of Hedge N/A -1. 20% -1. 70% The detailed calculation is shown below. Alternative 1 Do Nothing Dozier would choose to remain un put overd, and expose itself to notes risk. We assume the conjunction bequeath replacement the 10% deposit into dollars and deposit into the U. S. anks directly. The association fundament obtain interest tax revenue from this part of deposit. The stigma exhaust consecrate in U. S. dollars on January 14 is 1. 437. The company bed get ? 117,500 ? 1. 437 = $168847. 5 when they exchange the deposit. Three-month deposits interest rate in the U. S. is 8% annually. Therefore, the interest rate would be 0. 08/4=2%. The company can get $168847. 5 ? 1. 02 = $172224. 5 from the 10% deposit. The company will nab GBP 1. 0575 million on April 14,1986. The exchange rate on April 14 remains unknown. However, the pound has weakened over the previous six weeks.CFO, Rothschild was also concerned that the value of the pound might depreciate even further during the next 90 days. We can set three possible rates with dif ferent possibilities. According to Exhibit 5, the 3-month forward rate is 1. 4198. This is the scenario that has the highest probability of occurring in the future because it is the most reasonable spot rate on April 14. This is the base case from which to measure the different two alternatives. We can also run the regression (see appendix, graph 1) on the recent ogdoad weeks and get the exchange rate on April 14, as the worst case.Another regression can be run based on the half year exchange rate (see appendix, graph 2). This case can be set as the best one which shows long term data. Receivables Exchange Rate Revenue prospect Base Case ?1,057,500 1. 4198 $ 1,501,438. 50 50% Worst Case ?1,057,500 1. 3617 $1,439,997. 75 25% Best Case ?1,057,500 1. 4917 $1,577,472. 75 25% The kernel judge revenue from receivables would be Base Case Revenue ? Probability + Worst Case Revenue ? Probability + Best Case Revenue ? Probability = 1,505,086. 88. Therefore, Revenue from Receivables $ 1,5 05,086. 88 Revenue from Deposit $172224. 45Total Expected Revenue $ 1,677,311. 33 Total Cost $1,642,783. 00 Profit $34,528. 32 Percentage of Profit 2. 10% We can also set break-even analysis here. The exchange rate would be 1. 3906 when the profit is zero. Therefore, if the pound depreciate to 1. 3906, the company would suffer a loss for this contract. Alternative 2 If Dozier sells pounds forward 90 days Dozier would incur an obligation to deliver pounds 90 days from 1/14/86 at the rate of 1. 437. This would ensure that Dozier would receive a authentic amount of money, regardless the change of exchange rate. The 3-Month Forward Rate in U. S.Dollars on 1/14/86 is 1. 4198 and the balance is GBP 1. 0575 million. Thus, Dozier would receive 1. 4198 ? ?1. 0575 million = $1501438. 5 after three months. As we discuss above, the company can get 168847. 5 ? 1. 02 = $172224. 5 dollars from the 10% deposit. Therefore, the actual revenue of the contract is 1501439 + 172224. 5 =$1673663. The to tal cost is $1642783. Thus the profit is 1673663 1642783 = $30880. The sh ar of profit is 30880/1642783 = 1. 88% If the rate remains the same as 1. 437, the rest pounds has the value of 1. 437 ? ?1. 0575 =1519627. 5 million. The cost of hedge is (1501438. 5 1519627. )/1519627. 5 = -1. 2% Alternative 3 If Dozier secures a 90-day pound loan Dozier can also do a spot hedge, which worked similarly in that it also created a pound obligation 90 days. Dozier would borrow pounds from bank and exchange the proceeds into dollars at the spot rate of 1. 4198. Dozier would use its pound receipts, ? 1. 0575 million, to fall the loan. The rate of loan would be at 1. 5% above the U. K. prime rate. Since the loan rate for three months is (1. 5% + 13. 5%)/4=3. 75%, Dozier could receive ? 1. 0575 million/ (1+3. 75%) = ? 1019277 on 1/14/86. Then he would exchange them to dollars.With the spot transaction at 1/14/86, Dozier would get ? 1019277 ? 1. 437 =$ 1464701. 2 on 1/14/86. To get more profit, D ozier would deposit dollars. At end of three months, they would receive $ 1464701. 2 ? (1+8%/4) = $1493995 for ? 1. 0575 million. As we discuss above, the company can get 168847. 5 ? 1. 02 = $172224. 5 dollars from the 10% deposit. Thus, the actual revenue of the contract is 1493995 + 172224. 5 =$1666219. 73. The total cost is $1642783. Ergo the profit is 1666219. 73 1642783 =$ 23437. The percent of profit is 23437/1642783 = 1. 43%. The cost of hedge is (1493995 1519627. 5 )/1519627. = -1. 7% 2. What is the relation mingled with the forward rate,the spot rate and the interest rates in the US and the UK? Below are the formulas from the suggested reading. It can show the relationship between the forward rate,the spot rate and the interest rates. Forward rate in U. S. Forward rate in U. K. If we divide forward rate in U. S. by forward rate in U. K. , we can get formula below Generally, the relationship between bullion spot rates and futures rates are based on interest rate parity , in which the exchange rate is determined by the relative interest rates, and the expected future spot rate.From the formulas above, we can see that if the US risk-free rate is less than the British pound rate, the futures exchange rate will be less than the current spot exchange rate. Relative to the spot rate, the forward rate tells you whether interest rates in one currentness are higher or lower than those in the other currency. The international Fisher effect suggests the currency of the country with the higher nominal interest rate is expected to depreciate against the currency of the country with the lower nominal interest rate, as higher nominal interest rates reflect an expectation of inflation. 3.Are there alternative ways for Dozier to protect itself from currency risk? Yes. There are five alternatives for Dozier to protect itself from currency risk. First, Dozier could offset the pound exchange risk by hedging with options. Calls would be used if the risk is an upward trend in price, while puts are used if the risk is a downward trend. If the risk was a depreciation of the pound, Dozier would need to buy put options on pounds. If pounds were to depreciate at the time Dozier receives its pound revenue, then Dozier would exercise its right and thereby effectively obtain a higher exchange rate.However, if the pound was to appreciate instead, Dozier would then let the contract expire and exchange its pounds in the spot market at the higher exchange rate. The options market allows traders to experience unlimited favorable movements while limiting losses. This feature is unique to options, unlike the forward or futures contracts where the trader has to forego favorable currency rate movements, plus there are also no limits to losses. The advantages of options over forwards and futures are the limited downside risk and the flexibility and variety of strategies made possible.Also, in options there is neither the initial margin nor the daily variation ma rgin since the position is not marked to market. This relieves traders from potential cash flow problems. Options are however, more expensive because they are much more flexible compared to forwards or futures. The option price is therefore its disadvantage. Another alternative for Dozier to protect itself from currency risk would be to use profits generated in British pounds to buy durable goods which are then sold in the US in dollars. For example, British beer.Presumably, the beer attention has a low beta since most people are going to drink, regardless of economic standings. There may even be a disposition for people to drink more during hard economic times. If Dozier were to purchase British beer in pounds, the value would be retained when resold in the US, thus protecting the stiff from exchange risk. The primary cost associated with this may be tariffs and other taxes on imports to the U. S. Third, similar to the alternative above, Dozier could direct profits earned in Bri tish pounds into other U.K. investments. From the case, it is believed that the company wants to continue its international growth. The company can use the profits earned to expand the overseas market. Holding a large portfolio of international units can in the long run, reduce unsystematic risk isolated in the U. S. Fourth, because the pound might depreciate further during the next 90 days, Dozier can deepen the completion of the project to offset currency risk (predicted depreciation of the pound) by collecting payment prior to the agreed upon date.Finally, the company can benefit from currency swap. It is a foreign-exchange agreement between two institutions to exchange aspects of a loan in one currency for equivalent aspects of an equal in net familiarise value loan in another currency. Currency swaps are motivated by comparative advantage. For instance, if Dozier needed to obtain pounds and a U. K. company needed to acquire dollars, these two parties could arrange to swap cu rrencies by establishing an interest rate, an agreed upon amount, and a maturity date.These currency swaps are negotiable for at least 10 historic period making them a very flexible method of foreign exchange. Additionally, since swaps are considered a foreign exchange transaction, they are not required to be listed on a firms balance sheet. 4. Should Dozier diversify its currency risk? Does it have a comparative advantage in remaining unhedged? Yes, controlling the currency risk is an important instrument for controlling and improving performance of international investments. In remaining unhedged Dozier may not necessarily have an advantage.While option 1 was calculated to be the most profitable, this depends on the exchange rates remaining relatively high. The exchange rates will fluctuate. The value of the dollar could increase or the pound could decrease leading to losses. If it goes below 1. 3906, the company would suffer a loss. It is the firstly time that Dozier is expandi ng into a foreign country. For Dozier to continue to expand into foreign markets, it is necessary that cash flows are generated. Hedging offers Dozier exchange rate risk protection in the vent the value of the British pound falls. It would eliminate the risk and guarantee the necessary cash flows. For the same reasons however, it may be Doziers best interest to remain unhedged. If they already planned for a 6% profit margin, exposing themselves to more risk may be the only way to get a this return. A riskier, unhedged position may be further incentivised by a jumper cable agent problem between Rothschild and the CEO. It is not explicitly stated, but as the CFO, Rothschilds job may be on the line if he does not perform.Therefore, the added risk in order to cover for past 6 weeks exchange losses may be his last hope. It will not cost him any more to take on the additional risk if he is already facing a high probability of losing his job. Agency be aside, the question boils down to this Is a high probability of a small profit better than a small probability of a big profit. Considering this is their first international project, it might be best to go with what is certain, taking small steps, and learn from their mistakes going forward into future projects. Appendix interpret 1 Graph 2

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Succubus Heat CHAPTER 4

Can I c all you?The Sorta- lot-Looka interchangeable lay naked in bed, still worn erupt even though hed induce hours ago. I stood close to the door, fully curbed, slipping on my shoes. It sour out he was actually here on business from Seattle, and hed been ecstatic to learn we lived in the same city.Mmm. I pursed my lips as though I were giving this a lot of survey. I dont imply thats such a good psyche.Really? His brief, happy olfaction faded. Hed turned out to be as vulnerable and shy as I thought. I was only the second woman hed ever slept with. But I matte likewell, I felt like we really connected.I fixed him with a cold look. That smothering rage from last night no longer consumed me, just at a time I was still angry at the world and needed to lash out at anyone I could. Our bodies connected. Thats about it. The truth is, I already hold back a boyfriend.His eye widened. I realized then I should maintain mentioned having a boyfriend to beseechin with we had sex. It would support doubled his guilt and assumption me a stronger fix. Still, the agony he now felt oer sleeping with someone elses girlfriend was undoubtedly blackening his soul even as we spoke.R-really?Yup. Sorry. This was notwithstanding a demeanor to pass the time. And honestly, baby? You compliments some feedback? Youve still got a lot to learn. It really wasnt that great.I left before I could put th peckish the full effect of my words. It would hurt, I had no doubt about that. Devastating him didnt really make me feel better, but it had frozen me up enough so that I didnt deem to process any real emotions. I was numb, which was about the best I could hope for.Kristin was hold for me at a coffee storage dump the street so that she could drive me everywhere to the cult leaders ho drill. Her mousy brown hair was pulled up into a neat French twist, and her crisp admit reminded me of something Grace or Mei readiness wear, save that this was navy as opposed to their usu al black or-on daring days- fierce. She drank what looked like a cappuccino and picked over the be of a bagel, her eyes lost in thought as she no doubt pondered the coming days wheeling and dealing.I bought a white chocolate mocha and slid into the chair opposite her. Good morning, I said.She looked me over, noting the glamour. And a good night?I sh rugged. Okay night.You ready to meet the force of Darkness?Sure. I-wait. What did you say?The Army of Darkness. Thats what the cult calls itself.They know thats a movie, right?She shook her head. Honestly, its hard to say. They may have named themselves after the movie, for all I know.This is so absurd as to be unreal, I told her. It all sounds like a joke.If only, she muttered. Believe me, Ill be glad when you number rid of them. A slope from the fact that Cedric makes me talk to them, I have to accommodate a ream of paperwork each time they do something stupid. Its really stressing him out. I keep trying to get him to do relaxatio n exercises, but he wont.Her tone sounded very concerned, almost as though she worked for Cedric out of true loyalty, rather than the forced servitude the rest of us bowed to.Well, Ill see what I can do. Dont you guys have a succubus up here? Why isnt she working this group over?Shes busy seducing the premier. Cedric didnt expect her distracted.Whoa, I said. It had been centuries since Id had the initiative to go after a study politician. I feel like a slacker.Kristin cut me a look. Mostly I hear that youre a troublemaker.I like to regard Im just misunderstood.She snorted. Were all misunderstood. You have no idea how many times tribe try to use that as a reason to break their contracts.Between mourning Seth and being the target of Jeromes annoyance lately, Id had slender time to think about much else. Kristins words suddenly triggered a memory, one Id tried to keep interred for some time now.How many times do people try to break their contracts over an error?When Niphon had been here last winter, hed gone to great melody to complicate my life and get me recalled to Hell. Since hed been the one to trick me into selling my soul so long ago, I had plenty of reason to hate him. But why hed hate me and compliments to ruin me? That had been-and still was-a mystery. Hugh had speculated that when an imp went to that much trouble to mess with their acquisition, thither was usually a reason-specifically, a potential problem with the real contract.My casual air didnt fool Kristin. You think there might be an error in yours?I kept my nonchalance. Hugh-my imp-thought there could be. But he wouldnt look it up. His refusal to help me still stung.Hes smart. Looking into others contracts can get us in big trouble. The vaults of Hell are not a place you want to get caught snooping around in. It would take a lot to get an imp to risk that.I had no proof, but something told me that Kristin was older and higher-ranking than Hugh and that she might have to a greater exte nt access than he did. I smiled sweetly. What would it take for you to risk that?Nothing you can offer. She flashed me a wry grin and slipped on sleek Oakley sunglasses. Come on. Lets get this over with.We ended up at a house out in suburban Vancouver. It was a lower middle-class area, not particularly polished but not the kind of place you had to worry about getting mugged either. Kristin parked on the street and led me up the houses driveway, her heels clicking on the concrete. Along the sides of the yard, someone had recently planted marigolds and geraniums.She rang the doorbell, and a moment later, a man in his mid-twenties answered the door. He had messy black hair, like maybe hed just woken up, and possessed the friendly, low-key feel of someone who worked at Home Depot or Circuit City.Hey, Kristin, he said, voice cheerful and blas?. Come on in.She stepped just inside the doorway, and I followed, offering the guy a friendly smile of my own. I cant stay, she told him crisply. Im just dropping her off. Evan, this isKristin glanced at me, apparently waiting to see if I wanted to use my own name. I usually used antithetical identities and shapes when seducing victims, but it didnt seem worth it for this.Georgina, I supplied.Georgina, said Kristin. This is Evan. He and I shook flips. Georginas one of the founders of a sister chapter in Seattle. Shes here to see how things are done and possibly form some connections between the groups. She tipped her head down feather, looking at him over the tops of her sunglasses. I want you to show her every courtesy and involve her in your activities. Its very important.He nodded, still looking mild and pleasant-but a little nervous at the strictness in her voice. Absolutely. Cedric had said Evan knew Kristin was a power player on Team Evil, and he clearly seemed to respect her. She supposedly didnt have the people skills to deal with this group, but from the way Evan regarded her, it didnt seem like itd take much to ge t his attention.To me, Kristin said, Call a cab when youre done. Well expense it.With that, she headed back out to her car, leaving me with the alleged general of the Army of Darkness.You want anything to drink? he asked, stifling a yawn. Ive got some RC in the fridge.No, thanks. Im just anxious to learn how you do things up here.He grinned. Sure. I should probably show you the temple first.I glanced around, taking in the flowered sofa and grandfather clock. Temple?Yeah, its in the basement. You received you dont want something to drink? There was nothing I wanted to drink that was under 80 proof, so I declined once again.He led me down some rickety steps, pulling a chain at the bottom that turned on a bare lightbulb. We stood in an unfinished basement with rough cement floors and brick walls. Fold-up chairs were arranged in a semicircle around a low book case about as high as my waist. On top of the case was a propped up painting with an angels black silhouette set against a gray and purple nebula. It looked like it had come straight off a sci-fi novels cover. Half-burned red and black candles were scattered around the painting, along with an inverted cross. Off to the side of the room, more candles sit down on top of a washer and dryer. Evan walked over to a light switch and turned it on. White Christmas lights twinkled to life on the brick walls.Wow, I said. My astonishment was not faked.We arent finished setting up here, he said meansstly. We have to change our location a lot to avoid discovery. You know how it is. So, theres still some stuff we need to unpack. He pointed over to a cardboard niche in the corner. I couldnt see all of its contents, but I did make out a black feather boa and a glow-in-the-dark plastic skull. On the side of the box, black marker succinctly declared TEMPLE STUFF .I counted the chairs. Fifteen. How many members do you have? I asked.About a dozen. A little less than that that are truly active. He sat down in one of the chairs and gestured for me to do the same.And how long have you been concourse?Oh, about a year now.I smiled, turning on the charm in an effort to not sound like an investigative reporter. Ive heard about some of the things youve done. graceful impressive. Like the Bibles and the, um, spray paint.He beamed at the praise. You heard about that? Cool. We do as the Angel of Darkness directs us.What other things have you been directed to do?Well, there was the one time this Methodist church was having an ice cream social. We broke in before strain and left all their ice cream outside the deep freezer to melt.Uh-huh.Then, this other time, we went to the petting zoo and hung pentagram collars on all the goats. We also painted their horns red and black. Let me dictate you, that wasnt easy. They dont like to stand still.Uh-huh.Oh, and then we do all the TVs show Rosemarys Baby .Uh-TVs?Yeah, I work at Circuit City, and we have these big walls of TVs, so I synced them all up. My boss never suspe ct who did it.On and on the litany went. About ten minutes later, I interrupted, unable to listen to any more. Look, Evan, this is really amazing stuff youve been doing. I mean, this is stuff my people in Seattle would never, ever dream of doing in a million years.Really? he asked happily.Really, I said flatly. But, although it makes a big statement, wouldnt it be more in line with the, uh, Angels parts to work on securing souls for him?Her, corrected Evan.Her. Right. Lucifer, Satan, the Devil, whatever. There were lots of names for what humans regarded as the supreme entity of evil, and Id heard tons over the years. Considering the popular idea of Lucifer being a fallen angel, this Angel of Darkness thing didnt surprise me, but the female part did. Sorry, I told him. We know the Angel as male.Its okay, he replied. The Angel is all things to all people.Right. So, anyway, I mean, the ultimate goal is to convert as many people to her as possible, right? To lead them down the left-han d path. It doesnt seem like melting ice cream would do that-not that that isnt cool, I added hastily. Im just wondering if you should be more focused on stellar(a) people into temptation instead.Evan didnt seem bothered by my criticism in the least. Maybe thats what your group is directed to do. But this is what ours is supposed to do. We all serve different purposes in the greater plan.I was sure I had an idiotic look on my face, so I tried to shift back to the alluring, seductive mode that had landed me this job in the first place. Surely it couldnt be that difficult to sway him, particularly considering how fresh my succubus glamour was. Reaching out, I took his hand and delicately stroked it with my fingers.Youre doing amazing things, I reiterated, moving closer. Really amazing. But maybe its time to move on to the next level, to truly bring darkness to the world.His eyes studied my hand for a moment, then looked back up. His breath caught as the full effect of my glow enchante d him. He swallowed nervously. Perhaps. But not now. This is our purpose for the time being.Only because you havent tried something else. Maybe thats why Im here, why the Angel sent me to expand your influence. I leaned my face close to his, lips only inches away from the side of his face. I can teach you things. All sorts of things.Zealous or no, I was definitely affecting him. He took another deep breath, trying to steady himself. Were already doing what the Angel wants.I ran my lips across his check, letting my tongue flick out. Are you sure? Let me show you how we honor the AngelHe shot up abruptly and put his back to me. After several deep breaths-honestly, he was in danger of hyperventilating-he turned around to look at me. Warring desires danced in his eyes. He still had that crazy yes-man zealot look, but he also looked like he was already envisioning me naked. It was intriguing that his devotion to a largely fictitious entity could stand up to my charms, but religious fanat ics had a history of being tenacious. Youre verysweet, he said at last. Very. But I cant-we cant. I mean, this is what we do. What the Army does. We cant change that, not without talking to the others.Progress. I kept the smile turned on, wondering if I should keep pushing on him now or try to enthrall the whole group. I opted for the latter, largely because I could think of few things more unarousing than having sex on the black Ozzy Osbourne plush rug on the floor. Especially if Evan decided to turn on any black lights. Of course, I purred. When can I meet them?He raked a hand by his hair, still a little hot and bothered. Wellyou should come to our next meeting. Its Saturday at ten a.m. Over at the big Tim Hortons on Broadway.Okay, Ill be- I blinked, my acerb faade faltering. Did you say Tim Hortons?He recovered himself and returned to his upbeat nature. Oh, yeah. You guys dont have them, do you? Theyre these donut shops and-No, I know what they are. Im just surprised, thats all . Aside from seeming like a mundane place for a Satanists meeting, Canadians passage to Tim Hortons was like the biggest stereotype ever.Are you kidding? Their coffees the best.I left after that, my head reeling. These werent Satanists. These were frat boys doing hazing pranks. They probably smashed beer cans on their foreheads at their dark ceremonies.Kristin wasnt at her desk when I returned to Cedrics office across town. Presumably she was off doing imp things. Or maybe she was at lunch. His door was closed, making me think he must be busy, but honestly, I didnt have time to pay much attention to that. Something else immediately caught my attention.There was a demoness in his waiting room.A full-fledged archdemoness, actually. I recognized her, even though wed never formally met. Nanette, Portlands archdemoness.Hi, I said, too stunned for much more than that. I might backtalk Jerome, but other demons were an entirely different matter.She glanced up from her magazine like shed ju st noticed me, though I knew shed sensed me long before this. Hello. Georgina, right?I nodded, wondering if I should shake her hand or something. She didnt seem like she was keen to get up, so I simply sat in another chair. Why was Portlands archdemoness waiting to see Cedric? And why was she waiting, period? That wasnt in demonic nature at all. They were too impatient.Nanette wore a short, peach-colored shift dress that showed off long, shapely legs. Her blond hair fell just over her shoulders, smooth and sleek from a flat iron-or, well, from demonic magic. She was beautiful, but it was edged in the cold fierceness demons so often had, like the way a cobra or a katana is beautiful.I wasnt afraid to talk to people. Striking up confabulation was part of what I did. But I wasnt entirely sure what to say to her. Demons were prickly about how they interacted with lesser immortals. Some were quite snobby about it. I didnt know too much about Nanette or how she might react. I knew she wa s less powerful than Jerome and that the two didnt have much contact. Id never heard of her being particularly bitchy or trigger-happy, so I took that as a good sign.My concerns about what to say were put to rest when she spoke first.Boy, she said. I wouldnt want to be you for the world.I-I beg your pardon?This. She gestured toward Cedrics closed door with a French manicured hand. All of this. I presume youve been out to see his little Army of the darkness?Darkness, I corrected. Army of Darkness.Whatever. Those nuisances. Jerome sent you here to help because Cedric wanted an infiltrator?Something like that. I wondered how this news had spread so fast.Nanette shook her head in mock sympathy. Youre going to be the one to take the fall if something goes wrong. If things go bad between Jerome and Cedric or if that cult wont play ballwell, like I said, I wouldnt want to be you. Youre being contend from every angle and dont even realize it.Whats there to play? I just got here. And I don t see how things can go wrong, I said slowly. I mean, this group just does stupid stunts. I recalled how even a little seduction had affected Evan. If Id started stripping on the Ozzy rug, I was certain he wouldnt have been able to hold back. Theyre no real threat to Cedric, and I dont think theyre going to be that hard to rein in. And as for him and JeromeI mean, they patched up their differences already, right?Come now. Youre what, a millennium old? Millennium and a half? So young. She smiled. Georgina, demons never settle their differences. however you should know that. Do you really think things are stable around here? With the way Cedrics let this cult run wild? And after the way Jeromes barely been able to keep control in Seattle?I thought about Jerome booting me to Canada in less than twenty-four hours. Jerome seems like hes got control to me.She uncrossed her legs and leaned forward, juicy eyes gleaming. Jerome has had three nephilim in his territory in the last six months . Three. Do you know how unheard of that is? Im guessing youd never even run into a nephilim your entire life before this. Not in all those years.No, I admitted.Nephilim were the children of humans and angels-well, angels who had fallen and were now demons, seeing as having kids was a breach of promised lands employment agreement. Considered abominations by both good and evil alike, nephilim were the scourge of the immortal world. They had a lot of power and were pissed off at the way greater immortals do by them. They were unruly, destructive, and given to killing sprees.Jerome had actually fathered two nephilim, twins who were among the three Nanette was referring to. One of them, Roman, had been my boyfriend for a bit while he secretly wiped out immortals on the side. Id been instrumental in his undoing-something I was certain he was still pissed off about, particularly since it had resulted in the death of his sister. We hadnt seen Roman since then. Shortly thereafter, a nephi lim named Vincent had come to Seattle, following an angel he loved. Vincent was actually a very sweet nephilim, though I wasnt sure how kind he was feeling these days since Heaven had kicked out his girlfriend when she killed another angel to save him. Vincent too had disappeared.Three nephilim, repeated Nanette. And two got away. Sloppy, very sloppy.It wasnt Jeromes fault, I said loyally, a bit shy how youd even assign blame in that situation. It had never occurred to me that our unexpected visitors could be seen as a sign of Jeromes weakness or his inadequacy as archdemon. The angels could have done something. Its their territory too.Not in the eyes of our superiors, she said slyly.I frowned, losing a bit of my timidity. With all due respect, what are you doing here?Her smile grew. What do you think? I have two demons in my backyard who are in an arms race. Both are getting attention from demons outside the Northwest. I didnt like the sound of that and recalled Cedric affirming a s much. You think I want to be involved in that? You think I want to be played the way everyones contend you? My territorys small, and Im weaker than both Jerome and Cedric. I dont want them to decide to annex Portland while they play their cosmic game of Risk. I want them to leave me alone. Her voice was hard, but I heard a bit of worry in there too, and I realized what was going on.Youre here to I considered suck up or beg but thought better of it. negotiate with Cedric. For protection. To keep you out of it.Nanette looked away, unwilling to acknowledge this in front of a succubus. Just then, the door opened and Cedric stepped out. He glanced around. Kristins still gone? I wish shed hurry up and bring back those donuts.Tim Hortons? I guessed.He gave me an incredulous look. Of course. He turned to Nanette. Shed stood up, and he kissed her hand in a polite, antiquated way. Sorry. Phone call with Tech Support. You know how that is. To me he said, Well talk later.I took it as a bad s ign that he said later and not soon. Settling into my chair, I braced myself for patience. Ten magazines later, Cedric opened the door again. Nanette was nowhere in sight, so I presumed she must have teleported back to Portland.I took my same chair in Cedrics office, noting that his screen showed Match. com rather than Wikipedia today. When he saw what I was looking at, he hastily minimized his wind vane browser.So, what have you found out?I gave him a report of my morning with Evan. Theyre ridiculous, I declared as my final assessment.I already knew that, he said. You think you can put an end to this? Soon? The impatient sound in his voice made me wonder if hed expected me to cinch things up already.I thought about it. Yeah, pretty sure I can as soon as I meet the others. This guy looked like he might stroke on his own. But I wont see them until Saturday.Cedric tipped back in his chair, face thoughtful. All right. They probably wont do anything before then anyway. Go to their mee ting and work over the rest of them. In the meantime, you might as well head back home.I straightened up in my chair. Really?He shrugged. No point in you sticking around unless you want to sightsee. Just come back Saturday.But I hesitated. Jerome sent me here because he was mad and didnt want to deal with me. If I go back and he doesnt want me thereCedric snapped his chair forward and sat up. He can take it up with me. Ill tell him I didnt want you here either. There was something mischievous in his eyes, like he almost hoped Jerome might pick a fight. Uneasily, I remembered Nanettes words. Youre being played from every angle and dont even realize it.Okay, I said finally. Thanks.Cedric glanced toward the door, his expression lightening. Ah, Kristins back. A few moments later, I sensed the imps signature as well. I stood up, and he gestured me to the door with a smile. Have a good drive. And grab a donut on your way out.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Athena in Greek Mythology Essay

ii Outline Thesis genus Athene is regarded as a powerful female figure inwardly Grecian apologueology however there are obvious contradictions between the perception of Athena and the reality of how the goddess is represented inside Greek Literature and these contradictions need to be examined stipulation Greek Literatures foundational role in forge our perceptions of a heroine. I. Description how wowork force were viewed in antediluvian Greece II.Common perception of Athena in Greek Mythology a) Goddess of warfare b) Powerful c) Equal to genus genus Zeus III. share that Athena truly played as Zeuss daughter a) Non thre havening enable the end of Kingship of enlightenment b) Virgin daughter, purity IV. Examples sustenance the repositioning of Athena as a determent to women within Greek culture a) Athena and Poseidon clash over capital of Greece b) Athenas mothering role in Odyssey c) Athenas role within Aeschyluss Eumenides V.Athenas representation within Greek Mythology has proven to be a false icon for the empowerment of women. iii Abstract Athena is regarded as a powerful female figure within Greek mythology however there are obvious contradictions between the perception of Athena and the reality of how the goddess is represented within Greek Literature and these contradictions need to be examined given Greek Literatures foundational role in molding our perceptions of a heroine.The undercurrent of conflicting messages between Athenas iconic state as a powerful goddess and the general oppression of Greek woman fends the notion that there might be more to Athena then first meets the eye. Common myth and two great works of ancient Greek literature are used to support the thesis that Athena may have been a cats-paw of oppression used against the women of ancient Greece. 1 The Importance of Athena in Greek Mythology The foremost powerful female figure in Greek Mythology was Athena, the grayness eyed goddess.She is often hailed as being an icon for fe male power within Greek literature. This misperception adds to the mystic that Greek civilization was socially evolved beyond its time. By taking a closer look at how Athena was immortalized within the Parthenon, the role that the Goddess played in Homers Odyssey , and her role in Aeschyluss Eumenides it quickly becomes clear that we have been romanticizing Athenas power. By pulling covering fire the curtain on the obvious and revealing what resides on the dot below the surface a new pictures comes into focus.Athena is regarded as a powerful female figure within Greek mythology however there are obvious contradictions between the perception of Athena and the reality of how the goddess is represented within Greek Literature, and these contradictions need to be examined given Greek Literatures foundational role in molding our perceptions of a heroine. To bewilder with it is important to come to a agreement regarding the daily life of an Athenian woman in Ancient Greece. Based upon the reading that I have done, there is little dispute that the women of that time had virtually no chastises.The Ancient Greek society in many ways mirrors todays modern conservative cultures of the middles east, as it pertains to womens rights. The Greek culture was highly patriarchal. Ancient women were considered property of their fathers at the time of their birth, and then transferred to become the property of their husbands outright after marriage. Young women were often forced to marry men twice their age, whom they had never met. Women, of course, had no right to vote, no right to own property and especially enough were not allowed to watch the iconic Olympic games.However, the most mind numbing realization for me was that women were not allowed to leave the house without permission. Women were not permitted to wonder in man unless they had an explicit reason approved by their husband. It is suspicious to me that given all of these widely accepted facts that we would so easily accept that Greek men were creating characters of power as great as Athenas perceived power. If anything, I do give these Ancient Greek authors credit entry for being sly.They created a goddess whom Greek men could idealize as the perfect woman, fearing her power, while at the same time defining an all powerful goddess who was instrumental to men. 2 A general definition of Athena provides us with an example to contrast against the average Athenian woman. Harris and Platzner provide a general description of Athenas power in Classical Mythology Images & Insights. A powerful description is levied by the authors, Athena, a potent manifestation of her fathers creative intelligence agency (82).Athena is widely known as the goddess of sapience and war. She is hailed as the protector of Athens and the equal to the omnipresent Zeus. However, and this is a big however, that is except upon first glance. As we dig deeper into Athenas story a new spin begins to present itself. First, the legend of Athenas remarkable birth, which in actualization is and a reflection of Zeuss greatness. Athena is utter to have sprung from Zeuss head. The depiction of her birth is on the east pediment of the Parthenon, which ensures its role in the daily lives of Greek men.Zeus in an effort to deny the prophecy that Metis would someday bore a child who would overthrow his power he ate Metis. By ingesting Metis he also ingests her powers and Athena his unborn daughter. In concept Zeus then gives birth, the ONLY uniquely female power that existed in Ancient Greece. Athena, now being directly sprung from the body of her father is forever faithful, as he is now part of her. In this one sweeping myth Zeus outwits Metis, overcomes his fate, gives birth and creates an equal virginal partner whom has an undying faithfulness to her father.Even the focus on her virginal state, associates her with the traditional concept of ownership by a womans father until she is married. Athenas very bir th contributes to increasing Zeuss greatness and defining women as submissive. The second list piece of important information regarding why Athena was born a woman, is simple and calculate. The fact that Athena is a woman ends the tradition of The Kingdom of Heaven, and ensures Zeuss dominate rule. If she were born a man, there would be threat of usurpation. Ss a woman with no husband she serves no threat.Again, a myth calculated to support the greatness of Zeus. 3 The west side of the Parthenon serves as another example of how a myth, at first glance, appearing to support the great wisdom of Athena but in the end this myth serves the purpose of Greek men, and serves to repress Greek women. The west pediment depicts the contest between Athena and Poseidon for the sponsorship of Athens. Athena is said to have won the favor of the Greeks by offering an olive tree to the people of Athens. Poseidon offered the city a salt water spring which was rejected, thus pique Poseidon.Multiple p oints jump from the life of this myth. First, the obvious, by choosing Athena over Poseidon the Greek men have a direct link to Zeus. She is chosen because she is well connected Secondly, and more manipulatively, in order to appease Poseidons wrath Greek woman are continued to be punished and not given the right to vote. The first advancement of a woman into a powerful position generates a backlash that will ensure that no woman is ever given any REAL form of power within Greek Culture (Harris and Platzner 9).The irony in this is so deep that it is almost comical. We have now naturalized that the two key myths used to define Athenas power are in actuality undermining her power. If anything, we begin to view her as Zeuss public relations consultant. Now by looking at the way that Greek writers have translated Athenas powers into actions, we can see that these nuances did not go unmarked by Greeces creative thinkers. A subtle example exists within Homers depiction of Athena in The Odyssey. Athena plays a maternally role to both Odysseus and Telemachus.She never gets directly involved in any conflict, she only provides guidance and support for the men. She is fulfilling the nurturing traditional role of a mother. In the stories opening move when Athena disguises herself as Mentor (a man) to gain the trust of Telemachus her purpose is only to guide him on his path to manhood. She encourages him to take a stand on the leave of his mothers disrespectful suitors and to go on a rite of passage journey to find his father. The book is riddled with examples of how Athena provides a soft touch is supporting the advancement of Odysseuss cause.She organizes the ship for Telemachuss journey. She pleads with Zeus on their behalf in Book 5, she appears in a dream to Phaeacian urging her to be at the river to avail Odysseus when we washes to shore. The list goes on and on, in Book 20 Athena helps Odysseus in his plot to overtake the suitors by ensuring the suitors antago nize the disguised Odysseus, which feeds his desire to win back Penelope. All of these actions mirror that of a mother, trying to encourage the best for and from her children.This further supports the notion that women in Athens are supposed to be the household support, and support the success of their fathers, and then their husbands. 4 The most glaring example of misuse of Athenas perceived power occurs in Aeschylus, Eumenides. A jury is organize to judge Orestes for killing his mother and his fathers murder, Aegisthus. It is agreed that if the jury cannot come to an agreement of Orestes guilt then Athena will make the final examination decision. Athenas ultimate verdict reads as follows, The final judgment rests with me, and I Announce that my vote shall be given to Orestes.No mother gave me birth, and in all things Save marriage I commend with all my heart The masculine, my fathers child indeed. Therefore I cannot hold in higher(prenominal) esteem A woman killed because she ki lled her husband. If the votes are equal, Orestes wins. Let the appointed officers proceed To empty the urns and count the votes (H & P 636). Athena says she is the servant of her father in this speech. hither is a son who has killed his own mother, and Athena explicitly states that she values the life of Orestes father greater than the life of his mother, Clytemnestra.Even when the literature explicitly gives Athena power, she only uses it to further confirm the dominance of men within Greek society. I am positive that there are numerous other examples that support my notion of a dual sided Athena. Every example that I found of Athena within Greek literature allows for a theoretical positioning of Athena as a Greek tool of female oppression. Athena is the Ancient Greeks version of the women in the girdle commercials in the 50s, Cindy Brady in the 70s, or even more accurately the 5 Britney Spears of today.At first glance one thinks its nice to see positive imagines of women, but whe n you begin to look a little closer one can clearly see the shackles. 6 Working Bibliography Graham, Casey, Ancient Athenian Women. http//www. angelfire. com/ca3/ancientchix/ Harris, Stephen L, and Platzner, Gloria. Classical Mythology Images and Insights. 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill. 2008. Role of Women in Ancient Greece. http//www. factsmonk. com/role_of_women_in_ancient_greece Stebbins, Elinor. Pallas Athena, Goddess of Wisdom. http//www. arthistory. sbc. edu/imageswomen/papers/stebbinsathena/athena2. html

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Describe The theme of oppression Essay

The theme of oppression is examined when comparing the literary devices in the poem As I Grew aged by Langston Hughes and the story The Loophole Of go to bed by Harriet A. Jacobs. It is through the use of personification and symbolism that the theme is reflected. The oppression is in just use of position or power.In the poem As I Grew Older by Langston Hughes describes about a black girl that had a dream, but this dream was soft disappearing from her. She didnt have passable freedom and she always wants it to through. The author in the poem is hiding from oppression by hiding in the attic. withal Hughes uses some literary devices such as symbolism and personification.By saying the words the wall rose Langston Hughes showing personification because the wall cant grow. Then in the second paragraph the wall is represent symbolism. It is symbolizes her dream with a wall because this wall is blocking her happiness and future.In the story Loophole Of Retreat by Harriet A. Jacobs show s the oppression as darkness. He lived in the small garret that he called it as den. It was very dark didnt have enough air in it and was not for a cold weather. A. Jacobs uses some conflict in the story by saying the words I suffered for air even out more than for light. It shows us that he wanted to have more freedom and not to depend on anybody.In the poem As I Grew Older by Langston Hughes and the story Loophole Of Retreat by Harriet A. Jacobs use the same theme and the both have oppression. The authors both deal with oppression by breaking through it. Also the both poem and the story have the same ideas and feelings about their problems.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Individual delivery of a learning and development session plus 2000 words reflection

our site CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING How to engage in a conversation with customers that would lead to gross revenue?Part A Lesson PlanThe particular group of learnersFor this study the specific group of learners included the sales and marketing attaches attached to sales agent who deals with elevator carmobiles.The training affectsThe training meets the needs of experience how to legal transfer their sales to the potential customers as it was always difficult to pitch sales to potential automobile customers. Unlike in early(a) markets where there was only wizard reaping in the automobile market there were different types of products that met various needs of the customers. Therefore it was necessary to train the new employees how to understand the customers during the initial conversation. It was distinguished to train the trainees how to learn the needs of the customers and meet those needs by helping the customer to select a gondola that would meet their potential needs. The some other need was to create confidence among the trainees to face client and to regard tough questions.The overall aim of the whole developmentThe overall aim of the learning was to equip the trainees with the sales intimacy on how to engage a conversation with clients that would lead to sales. The aim was to help the trainees to understand the potential clients needs without first of all conveying the monetary value and the money that the customer has. The specific aims were to t from each one how to learn questions that lead to sales and how to keep from discussing price and discuss the value of automobile.Learning outcomesThe learning outcomes are improved spirit of the sales concepts such as asking question and having discussion that make the customer understand the value of the automobiles that he or she is going to purchase.Overall timeline of the session including the theme heading and contentTable 1 Session and content SessionContent IntroductionDefine pitching as the ability to convince the client by having appropriate words and information concerning the products. It is convincing the clients that the product has the capacity to meet the customer needs and wants. LecturesTeach clients about asking questions, pitching and asking client questions that al piteous lead to closure of the sale. Role playsOrganise trainees into pairs where one of them affects as a salesman and the other as clientTable 2Mini lesson fancy Time durationLearning and development methodTrainer employmentLearner participationAids and resources0-1st minuteIntroductionDefine pitching as the ability to convince the client by having appropriate words and information concerning the products. It is convincing the clients that the product has the capacity to meet the customer needs and wants.Take notesPower point1-5th minuteLecturesTeach clients about asking questions, pitching and asking client questions that will lead to closure of the sale. Taking notesPower point6- 10th minuteRole play to identify of learningOrganise trainees into pairs where one of them acts as a salesman and the other as clientThe student will act as a salesman while the other students will act as the purchase with a certain budget and is looking for a car form that can fit within that model. Each student will have to act as a salesmen and a client. This will be through with(p) by organisation the students in groups of two. The student will act in front of the class.A classroom11-12th minuteBrainstorm on potential questions to ask clientsAsk students the best type of questions to ask clients provide two questions they would ask a potential customer that would make them know the customer and the need that the customer has.The student to provide tow questions that they would ask potential automobile client.A handout with open ended questions that the sales man should ask clients 13 15th minute Question and answersEvaluate students on their ability to ask questions that mak e the customers to explain their needs. They will also be valued on the basis of the answers and personal obtained from the client such as budget and the car model the client is looking for or the functionalities that the client is looking for in car.Students to fill in a form indicating what roles they have played and the questions they have formulated as well as comment what was interesting and what they have wise(p) about the lesson.A notebookThe lesson will considered to be effective based on the students understanding of the sales concepts such as asking questions and having discussion that make the customer understand the value of the automobiles that he or she is going to purchase.Task B Personal ReflectionIntroductionThis is a reflection on how I planned the lesson and the activities that were undertaken to teach students about executing good auto sales. Various knowledge and theories about theory of learning were assiduous in this research to ensure that the lesson was e ffective and it attained the research objectives of making the student understand how to execute good auto sales. The first part is the earlier section. The second part of this reflection reflects on the lesson plan and takes into the consideration the theory that was used in planning the lesson and the learning activities. The third section measured the metier of the lesson. The fourth section reflects on what happened in the practice aspect of the lesson and what has been learnt from this experience.Plan for the lesson and the theory taken into considerationIn planning for this lesson, I was aware of three learning theories which were the behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism. The behaviourism holds that dogma should be behaviour oriented and it should make the learners to respond in a particular way through stimuli-response (Salsbury and Melinda, 2008). This means that the teachers should provide stimuli and condition the learners to respond to the stimuli in particula r way. This means for instance hearing a door bell rising should lead to the response of opening the door (Fink, 2005). However this theory is by and large applicable in social and in behavioural training such as training soldiers and members of the discipline forces which was not the case for this lesson. Learning is assessed through drills and veritable support experiences.The other learning theory that could be applied in learning is the cognitive theory. This theory holds that information can be retained in memory through deliberate cognitive activities such as memorising and doing mental deeds. The exercise should be enhanced through internal processing of information. The cognitive learning theory holds that learning is student based and should be examined through individual assessments.The other learning theory that could be used in designing the lesson plan is the constructivism which holds that learning is based on the individuals interpretation of the information and k nowledge. It holds that there is no single way of interpreting and applying knowledge as each person has their get viewpoints and experiences that shape their world view (Mccrea, 2015). Therefore every individual is expected to act differently and to understand the provided knowledge distinctly from the other person. When using this theory the most applicable teaching methods included brainstorming, case studies, simulations or role playing, and problem based learning.In my lesson the constructivism was used to impart knowledge to the students. The theory was preferred because the lesson focused on the sales training which was based on experiences of greatest salesmen. There was no given way of doing sales as different people had done it differently depending with the customers and the types of products and service that they were selling (Serdyukov and Ryan, 2008). Sales was also dependent on the types of customers as each type of customer had varying needs when purchasing an autom obile as some wanted automobiles that were luxurious others wanted performance such as speed and acceleration. Other customers wanted low costs automobiles such hence price was the most significant consideration. Others wanted to conserve the environment and wanted vehicles that were environmentally friendly such as the loanblend vehicles. This meant for one to be a great salesmen they had first to understand the individual customer and then apply the knowledge that they have on selling on the individual customer (Salsbury and Melinda, 2008). Therefore constructivist approach was the most appropriate learning approach that could be employed in teaching the learners about good auto sales. When using this theory the learning activities included role playing and simulation activities that included simulating sales scenario and the type of conversations that occur between the potential customers and the salesmen (Salsbury and Melinda, 2008).How the success of the lesson was assessedTh e first way of assessing the effectiveness of the lesson was ensuring that the learning objectives were met. The learning objectives for this study were met. The first objective of this lesson was to ensure that the students mute how to ask questions that led to sales. The second objective was to ensure that the students learned how to discuss the value of the automobile rather than the price of the automobiles. The other way that the effectiveness of the lesson was identified was through participation of the students in the lesson activities (Zimmerman, 2015). All the students that were involved in the lessons activities retained more knowledge than those who were not involved. For instance one of the ways of ensuring that the students understood the lesson was asking them to participate in role playing where they will act as a salesman and client. Those who managed to ask the open ended questions that made the client to talk about themselves and the need that was to be met by the automobile were considered to have understood the lesson or the content for that learning. Also the students who discussed the value of the car more than the price were considered to have met the objective of the lesson. However, assessing the effectiveness of the lesson was difficult particularly because the time allocated for the lesson was not enough for all the students to participate in the role play. However, it ensured that each individual understood and learned to apply the selling techniques on their own individuals capacity based on the clients needs.Activities during the practice and what I got from the practice One of the things that happened during the practice is that the students were excited about the lesson activities. The students wanted to participate in formulating the appropriate questions that they should ask potential automobile clients. The activity was the most interesting part and each student participated in formulating questions that they would ask a p otential customers. However some of the students who were not confident did not participate.The other aspect that was interesting to the students was that of role playing. The students played according to social groups which made it interesting. Some of the client were tough and made the lesson exactly like what would happen to a car salesman. However those who were shy did not perform well in the role playing because they asked direct questions that could be answered fast (Skowron, 2010). On assessing the students based on their participants in role playing most of the confident students who were outgoing had make better performance than the shy students. In the written test most of the student had better scores indicating that the information was highly retained by the students after the role play and simulation of a sales scenario (Zuiker, et al., 2016). The students were also happy and excited because they were actively involved in the lesson.Based on this experience the most i mportant thing I have learnt is that the students have the capacity to learn on their own with minimal guidance. I noted that to be effective the teacher should incorporate more doing activities in the lesson because they helped the student to apply knowledge in real life situation other than having theoretical knowledge only. However, the time allocated for the lesson was not enough to include more activities in the lesson plan.ConclusionThe reflection has echoed the learning that has been accrued during the preparation of the lesson plans. The exercise has helped me to put into use theories of learning employed in teaching. I have noted that each theory applies in different scenario based on the adequate to(p) being taught. I have noted that involvement of the student in real life activities through role playing and simulation was effective especially in teaching studies that required application of knowledge in strict life situation like selling to customers who are different a nd need differing products. ReferencesFink, D. L. (2005) structured course design. Manhattan, KS The IDEA Center.Mccrea, P. (2015) Lean Lesson Planning A practical approach to doing less and achieving more in the classroom. Brighton Teacherly.Salsbury, E. and Melinda, S. (2008) Lesson Planning A Research-Based Model for K-12 Classrooms. Alexandria, VA Prentice Hall.Serdyukov, P. and Ryan, M. (2008) report Effective Lesson Plans The 5-Star Approach. Boston Allyn & Bacon.Skowron, J. (2010) Powerful Lesson Planning Every Teachers Guide to Effective Instruction. 10th edn. Thousand Oaks, CA Corwin Press.Zimmerman, B. (2015) Self-Regulated Learning Theories, Measures, and Outcomes, International Encyclopedia of the Social & behavioral Sciences, pp. 541-546.Zuiker, S., Anderson, K., Jordan, M. and Stewart, O. (2016) Complementary lenses Using theories of situativity and complexity to understand collaborative learning as systems-level social activity, Learning, Culture and Social Intera ction, 9(11), pp. 80-94

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Advertising Bias Essay

Marketing and ad companies are constantly playing on gender roles and stereotypes. Both workforce and women are portrayed in certain ways to help make products seem more than attractive to the same or reverse sex. Men are pictured as lazy, dumb slobs while women are pictured as gentle, beautiful, sexual, and henpecked. In childrens ads, boys are assignn as rough and interested in action games while girls are more quiet and interested in dolls. Though these stereotypes are not always true, they are what Americans deal derive to accept about gender and society.Advertisements depend upon painting evocative pictures about these stereotypes in order to stimulate the consumer to buy the product. Many ads use a sloppy, idiotic, couch potato to appeal to women in products that are unremarkably used by women such as cooking items and cleaning products. By using the male stereotype, women consort to feel empowered or that they have the upper hand when the usually dominant male is show as inferior. While downplaying the male role has become more accepted as a show of politically correct sexism, it is still politically incorrect to do such to women.See more My writing Process EssaySome view this as an unfair double standard. Role reversal is oftentimes utilized in advertising with women as the focus of the ad. The most common use of stereotyping with women is ads is using them to resurrect or sell a product through sexual appeal. Whether to a male or pistillate audience, women are portrayed as extremely beautiful and sexy and often in suggestive poses. It attracts men for the obvious reasons, and attracts other women because they aspire to be a certain way or have a certain beautiful quality or feature. Women are also advertised as gentle and submissive in contrast to males.Feminists are against these types of stereotyping because they believe it itemizes women. In society males and females are picked on for their underlying qualities. These qualities have become so widespread and commonplace, today they are considered stereotypes. Companies use these to attract buyers with the idea that they are sanely better than the opposite sex in some way. The underlying nature in ads points out flaws of men and women and uses them to exploit certain behaviours or mannerisms that will help sell a product with its image.

Monday, May 20, 2019

International Economics Gerber Study Questions Essay

The join States in a innovation(a) Economy1.Outline knowledgeableness orbicularization in PerspectiveThe growth of World handicraftCapital and Labor MobilityNew Features of the Global EconomyNew Issues in Inter bailiwick grapple and InvestmentThe Role of Inter dry landal OrganizationsRegional Trade AgreementsTrade and Economic GrowthTwelve Issues in the Inter content EconomyThe Gains from TradeWages, Jobs, and ProtectionTrade DeficitsRegional Trade AgreementsThe Resolution of Trade ConflictsThe Role of International InstitutionsExchange Rates and the Macro prudenceFinancial Crises and the Global ContagionCapital Flows and the Debt of Developing CountriesCrisis and Reform in Latin AmericaExport Led Growth in East AsiaThe Integration of India and mainland China into the World Economy2. A Thumbnail Sketch of the Material cover in Chapter One The re-emergence of world(prenominal) scotch integrating theme tries to put globalization in perspective. around features of globalization atomic number 18nt in the buff, and internationalistic economic integration could be described as re-emerging after a period of breaking during time periods surrounding WWI and WWII. There ar three aspects of international economic integration considered 1.The growth of world flip. World mint has grown over the last lx or lxx long time but is still fairly comparable in percentage terms to what existed 110 years ago. Trade has become a sizeable sh be of national economies as cargonful by the tycoon of Openness (Exports Imports)/GDPThis index does non tell us ab stunned a nations raft policies. Nations with higher figures for the index of openness do not necessarily permit visit handle barriers. Large economies atomic number 18 slight dependent on international care and often view as lower measures of openness than small countries. Figure 1.1 shows the openness index for six nations at different points in time. It shows the throw up in trade from 1913 to 1950 and its growth (even above 1913 trains) for or so nations by 2000. A trend obscured in the boilers suit trade data is that in 1890 most U.S. trade was in agricultural products and raw materials, while instantly most is manufactured goods. The relative importance of with child(p) goods has emergenced dramatically. 2.Capital and labor mobility. Labor is much little mobile internationally now than it was in 1900. For capital, it is somewhat more(prenominal) mobile. There is a difference amidst financial capital and physical capital. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the flow of capital representing physical assets much(prenominal)(prenominal) as real estate, factories, and businesses. While capital flows to developing countries have increased over recent decades, the level of investment in any bucolic is still correlated with its national level of savings, making national savings counts far more important than global capital flows. However, capital flows today atomic nu mber 18 different from earlier periods in three shipway. More types of financial instruments exist today, and flows of financial capital be likely much greater. In 1900, the world ope pointd on a fixed reciprocation rate modular and much of todays financial market transactions are aimed at protecting against exchange rate risk caused by floating exchange rates. Transactions costs associated with conflicting capital flows have also fallen probatively. Volatility in international capital flows, while often a plain of intense attention today, is not clean. 3.Movement of prices in different markets. The text does not develop this, but points out that in the late 1800s wheat farmers, meat packers, and fruit growers all produced for a global market where international rather than municipal supply and necessity determined prices. News reports today could easily demonstrate this for most commodities. New issues in international trade and investmentBarriers to manufactured goods ha ve fallen signifi tail assemblytly as a result of a process that began at the end of WWII. As formal restrictions on importshave been reduced, domestic policies on issues such as the environment, labor, and fair market conditions have become the barriers to further increases in trade flows. Reducing trade barriers has been the focus of negotiations between nations. Eliminating the traditional barriers to trade, obligations and quotas, is referred to as school integration because it clean changes policies at the b sight. Eliminating domestic policy differences that create trade barriers is much more complicated and is referred to as dusky integration. International organizations created at the end of WWII play a key role and are an entirely new element in the international economy. Agreements between nations are not new, but there has been a significant increase in the number of regional trade agreements signed, especially in the 1990s. The formation of these regional trade agreem ents is controversial for different reasons for both trade opponents and trade proponents. The growth of world trade can potentially lead to a variety of consequences, but generally economists remain committed that the benefits outweigh the costs. This position is back up by the chance(a) empirical grounds of historical experience, evidence keeped by models and deductive reasoning, and evidence from statistical comparisons of countries. Open economies grow faster and prosper sooner than more closed ones.3. What Students Should Know afterward Reading This Chapter Chapter 1 challenges the belief that the world has embarked on an entirely new and unprecedented era of globalization. Looked at from the long run, it seems clear that the period 1870 to 1914 was an earlier era with similar trends. Those years experienced rapid scientific change in the form of railways, steamships, and telegraphs that all came into widespread usage and spanned the oceans they underwent business and fin ancial sector introduction through the rapid growth in the corporate form of business organization, the invention and spread of demand deposits, and the development of stockmarkets trade policies were liberalized in some(prenominal) nations and there were widespread protests against immigration and the global economy. In the join States, the protest movement was centered in populist movements that are reminiscent of some politicians and commentators today. This is not an lineage about history repeating itself. Rather, it is an attempt to get students to think of the period from World War I to the end of World War II as an aberration in the last 150 years of world history. The long run trend is towardintegration, punctuated by protests and nationalistic movements that halt or reverse the trend. When students are asked what they think is new about todays economy, they inevitably answer engineering science. E-mail, faxes, satellite systems, jet aircraft, and less visible forms suc h as container cargo transportation systems have each made significant contributions to increase trade flows. It is useful to engage students in a discussion over the fringy impacts of these new technologies versus the marginal effects of steam powered ocean going vessels or trans-Atlantic telegraphy. Telegraphy cut the time it took training to queer the ocean from around three weeks to relatively instantaneously, and reduced the time it took to buy a foreign bond from around three weeks to about one day. It is useful for students to realize there was a disruption for two reasons. First, much of what has happened over the last 50 years was aimed at fixing something that was broken, not creating a new phenomena. Second, the international institutions that deal with the global economy are new and were created because of some shared fruition that integration was important and helpful and indispensablenessed to be encouraged. An important sub-theme of the text is the idea of deep v ersus shallow integration and the institutional process that nations go through to create deeper levels of integration. The chapter also points to some things that are new about today. Important ones for the text will be flexible exchange rates, regional trade agreements, and the changing mix of the types of goods nations produce. Domestic policies will be a key focus when trade barriers and capital flows are considered. Another important issue will be the evolving role of international organizations in negotiating and enforcing changes in domestic policies.4. Assignment Ideas1.I like to use the index of openness to contrast the importance of trade to various nations and to parkway home the fact that relative determine matters. The United States is a huge participant in trade in dollar terms, but it is not as dependent on trade as many other countries. Some countries entire economies are dependent on international trade. I find students need some practice calculating and interpre ting the index of openness. The data below is from the World Fact appropriate and is 2006 estimated data in billions of U.S. dollarsCountryExportsImportsGDPNew Zealand23.7 B25.2 B106 BBahrain12.6 B9 B17.7 BBrazil138 B95.8 B1,616 BCambodia3.3 B4.5 B36.78 BChad4.34 B0.823 B15.26 BNigeria59 B25.1 B188.5 B2. As homework very early on in the course, I sometimes assign students each a nation, and one of the pieces of information they are to ask is its Index of Openness. I also ask them to find out its currency, current exchange rate with the U.S. dollar, simple exports, imports, major trading partners, and the trade agreements in which it participates. To compare with the U.S. historical data, you might ask them to track the nations trade figures over time. While these are basic matters of fact, I find it helps make what we are discussing more concrete. 3.The chapter also lends itselfto students developing some factual knowledge about U.S. trade history. One initiative is to look at U.S. trade policy in various time periods. The U.S. had relatively high tariffs (greater than 40 percent on average) throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. In 1890, Congress passed the McKinley Tariff, followed in 1897 by the Dingley Tariff. Both tariffs embossed rates further from their already high base. Wilson tried to reduce tariffs but was foil by World War I. Rates in the 1920s dribble, but the Tariff Act of 1930 (Smoot-Hawley Tariff) raised the rates back up to nearly 45 percent. In the midst of the Great Depression (1934), Roosevelt and his depositary of State, Dulles, persuaded Congress to pass the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act. The Act authorized Roosevelt to negotiate bilateral, reciprocal tariff reduction agreements. This piece of legislation marks an historic shift in U.S. tariff policy, away from protectionism and toward more openness.Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions1.How can globalization and international economic integration be measured? Answe rThe chapter offers three ways to measure globalization and economic integration (1) trade flows (2) factor movements and (3) convergence of prices (goods, factors, and assets). 2.In what sense is the U.S. economy more incorporate with the world today than it was a century ago? In what ways is it less integrated? AnswerThe U.S.s openness indicator is about sixty percent greater today than it was in 1890 ((25.3 15.8)/15.8 0.601), or almost one hundred and nine percent greater than in 1910. While this is a very significant increase, it is hardly the revolution in economic relations that many people claim.The sixty percent statistic might be considered misleading, however, in that a much larger share of total goods output signal is traded (more than thirty percent in 1990 versus less than ten percent in 1950). While we cannot compare the latter(prenominal) statistic to 1890 or 1900, it does appear that there is a clear trend toward a greater role for international commerce. This is consistent with the observation that world trade has been growing faster than world output, at least since 1950. more than of the growth in trade since then, however, simply brought us back to where we were before World War II.In terms of labor flows, the U.S. is probably less integrated with the world economy than it was in 1890 or 1900. At those latter dates we had an open door immigration policy (for all but Chinese citizens), and a larger share of our population was foreign born (fourteen and one half percent in 1890 versus less than cardinal percent in 1990 and twelve percent today).Capital flows are more difficult to generalize since they can be measured several ways. While the absolute volume of capital flows has increased dramatically, as a share of world GDP it is probably no more than it was at the turn of the century, and it whitethorn be less. While the absolute volume of capital flows to developing countries has increased, the level of investment in any country is st ill highly correlated with its domestic savings rate. What is different, however, is the ease at which capital can cross international boundaries (lower transaction costs) and the much greater variety of assets that are traded. The need to protect against exchange rate risk is a key component of todays international financial markets and is a first-string difference from the fixed exchange rate standard of the past. The incidence of financial crises has not increased and, as a metric of integration, it implies no increase in capital market integration.The growth of regional trade agreements is also an indicator of increased integration. A growing role for international institutions such as the IMF or the World Bank may also indicate an increase in international integration. 3.What is openness? How is it measured? Does a low openness indicator indicate that a country is closed to trade with the alfresco world? AnswerOpenness is a measure of the relative importance of trade to a nat ional economy. It is measured by the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP.A relatively small openness indicator does not necessarily mean that an economy is intentionally closed to the outside world. Large countries like the U.S. or China have big domestic markets that enable firms to specialize and produce in volume in order to attain their optimal scale. Specialization and high volume in manufacturing is often associated with increased productivity, so firms in large markets can achieve the highest possible level of productivity without having to sell to foreign markets. Firmslocated in smaller countries have to trade their output across international boundaries if they want to have the same technology and the same level of productivity. Consequently, large countries tend to have lower openness indicators regardless of their trade policies. 4.Describe the rule over the last century shown by the openness index for leading industrial economies. AnswerThe indicators fell between 191 3 and 1950, when it begins to rise relatively rapidly. The main causes of the pattern shown in Figure 1.1 are the two world wars and the Great Depression of the 1930s and changes in trade policy that accompanied that period. In 2000, they are generally higher than they were before WWI. Another pattern the chapter notes is that the index is smaller for the larger population countries of Japan and the United States, and higher for the Netherlands, with its small population. 5.Trade and capital flows were described and measured in relative terms rather than absolute. formulate the difference. Which term seems more valid, relative or absolute? Why? AnswerAbsolute values are the dollar amounts of trade and capital flows. carnal knowledge values are the ratio of dollar values to GDP. Relative values are a better indicator of the importance of a variable. Large economies like the U.S. may have large export and import values, but the importance of trade to the national economy is not nea rly as great as it is for other economies. The U.S. is the worlds largest exporter and importer, but the national economy is so large that trade is much less important for the U.S. than it is for many smaller countries such as Canada, Belgium, or the Netherlands. 6.The relative size of international capital flows may not be much greater today than they were 100 years ago, although they are certainly greater than they were 50 years ago. Qualitatively, however, capital flows are different today. Explain. AnswerMajor qualitative difference between late nineteenth and late twentieth century capital flows include the fact that there are many more types of financial instruments useable now compared to a century ago. These instruments can be finely tailored to the income and risk preferences of investors. Secondly, a large share of the total flow of capital across borders is related to the need to protect against fluctuations in the value of currencies. This use of international capital ma rkets was not as necessary when nations operated within fixed exchange rate systems. And third, the transaction costs of participating in international capital markets is muchlower today than it was a century ago. 7.What are the new issues in international trade and investment? In what sense do they expose national economies to outside influences? AnswerThe new issues involve policy differences between nations that until recently were considered the goop responsibility of local or national governments. Examples include labor standards, environmental standards, competition or antimonopoly policies, and industrial support policies.Negotiations between nations potentially give foreign interests a voice in place domestic policy. The scope and the depth of the negotiations determine how great a voice foreigners will have. It is often the case, however, that negotiations all occur or are proposed because some aspect of domestic policy is perceived by foreigners as a barrier to trade, a nd they seek to alter the domestic policy that creates it.8.Describe the three kinds of evidence economists use to support the assertion that open economies grow faster than economies that are closed to the word economy. AnswerThese are (1) casual empirical evidence of historical experience (2) economic logic and deductive reasoning and, (3) evidence of statistical comparisons of countries. (1)The historical evidence examines the experiences of countries that tried to isolate themselves from the rest of the world. First, not only did trade protection decline the depression of the 1930s, but it also led to the misery and tragedy of World War II. Second, an examination of countries such as the former West and East Germany, South and North Korea, and other countries with the same historical, economic, and ethnic cathode-ray oscilloscope that were divided by war, indicate that those who closed their economies from the rest of the world suffered in terms of prosperity and environmental degradation. East Asia experienced an economic take-off when it decided to integrate with the rest of the world, while Latin America, which had the same economic background with East Asia but chose to remain partially closed, experienced mediocre growth. (2)The logic of economic supposition also suggests a strong causal relation between trade and faster economic growth. The next is a summary of this linkageFollowing Adam Smith, David Ricardo proved that comparative advantage leads to trade and this in turn leads to the reallocation of resources and the improvement of the standard of living of any nation, large or small. Modern trade theory also makes the case for exports and open trade as the causes for economic expansion. Exports and open trade encourage competition, innovation, and learning-by-doing, and bring international best practices to the attention of domestic producers, spurring greater efficiency and export expansion. This helps domestic producers to realize economies of scale when they attempt to produce for the world market, rather than for their own limited domestic consumers. larger markets create incentives for firms to engage in research and development, and allow countries to import important production inputs and foreign capital by minimizing the foreign exchange constraints. They facilitate the transfer of technology and managerial skills. It follows that open trade and exports increase the demand for the countrys output and therefore contribute strongly to positive economic growth. (3)Even though the statistical evidence is not quite conclusive (mainly due to measuring trade policy), the evidence of statistical comparison of countries (cross-sectional time series) indicates that countries benefit from open trade.