Definition and Examples of the Middle Style in Rhetoric

In classical rhetoric, the middle style is reflected in speech or writing that (in terms of word choice, sentence structures, and delivery) falls between the extremes of the plain style and the grand style. Roman rhetoricians generally advocated the use of the plain style for teaching, the middle style for pleasing, and the grand style for moving an audience. Examples and Observations An Example of the Middle Style: Steinbeck on the Urge to TravelWhen I was very young and the urge to be someplace was on me, I was assured by mature people that maturity would cure this itch. When years described me as mature, the remedy prescribed was middle age. In middle age, I was assured that greater age would calm my fever and now that I am fifty-eight perhaps senility will do the job. Nothing has worked. Four hoarse blasts of a ships whistle still raise the hair on my neck and set my feet to tapping. The sound of a jet, an engine warming up, even the clopping of shod hooves on pavement brings on the ancient shudder, the dry mouth and vacant eye, the hot palms and the churn of stomach high up under the rib cage. In other words, I don’t improve; in further words, once a bum always a bum. I fear the disease is incurable. I set this matter down not to instruct others but to inform myself.(John Steinbeck, Travels with Charley: In Search of America. Viking, 1962)Three Kinds o f StyleThe classical rhetoricians delineated three kinds of style--the grand style, the middle style, and the plain style. Aristotle told his students that every kind of rhetorical style is capable of being used in season or out of season. They warned against the too grand style calling it swollen, or the too plain style which when misused they called meagre, and dry and bloodless. The middle style used inappropriately they called slack, without sinews and joints . . . drifting.(Winifred Bryan Horner, Rhetoric in the Classical Tradition. St. Martins, 1988)The Middle Style in Roman RhetoricThe speaker who sought to entertain his listeners would choose a middle style. Vigor was sacrificed for charm. Any and every form of ornamentation was appropriate, including the use of wit and humor. Such a speaker possessed the skill to develop arguments with breadth and erudition; he was master at amplification. His words were chosen for the effect they would produce on others. Euphony and imager y were cultivated. The overall effect was one of moderation and temperance, of polish and urbanity. This style of discourse, more than any other, typified Cicero himself and would later influence us in English through the marvelous prose style of Edmund Burke.(James L. Golden, The Rhetoric of Western Thought, 8th ed. Kendall/Hunt, 2004)The Tradition of the Middle Style- The Middle Style . . . resembles the simple in striving to communicate truth to the understanding with clearness, and resembles the grand in aiming to influence the feelings and passions. It is bolder and more profuse in the employment of figures and the various emphatic verbal forms than the simple style; but does not use those appropriate to intense feeling, which are found in the grand.This style is employed in all compositions intended not only to inform and convince, but at the same time to move the feelings and passions. Its character varies with the predominance of one or other of these ends. When instruction and conviction are predominant, it approaches the lower style; when influencing the feelings is the main object, it partakes more of the character of the higher.(Andrew D. Hepburn, Manual of English Rhetoric, 1875)- The middle style is the style you dont notice, the style that does not show, ideal transparency. . . .To define a style in this way, of course, means that we cannot talk about the style itself--the actual configuration of words on the page--at all. We must talk about the social substance surrounding it, the historical pattern of expectations which renders it transparent.(Richard Lanham, Analyzing Prose, 2nd ed. Continuum, 2003)- Ciceros idea of the middle style . . . lies between the ornateness and perorations of the grand or vigorous style (used for persuasion) and the simple words and conversational manner of the plain or low style (used for proof and instruction). Cicero designated the middle style as a vehicle for pleasure and defined it by what it is not--not showy, not highly figurative, not stiff, not excessively simple or terse. . . . The twentieth-century reformers, up to and beyond Strunk and White, were and are advocating their version of the middle style. . . .An accepted middle style exists for any form of writing you can think of: news stories in The New York Times, scholarly articles in the sciences or humanities, historical narratives, Weblogs, legal decisions, romance or suspense novels, CD reviews in Rolling Stone, medical case studies.(Ben Yagoda, The Sound on the Page. Harper, 2004)

Alzheimer s Disease ( Ad ) - 1244 Words

Alzheimer s disease(AD) wrecks memory and other essential mental capacities. Research has shown that numerous individuals with dementia, particularly those who are sixty-five or older, have brain impairments. All through the numerous periods of Alzheimer s disease, people appear to show any indication, yet harmful changes are occurring in the cerebrum. An unnatural deposit of proteins structure amyloid plaques and tau tangles all through the brain, and once the active neurons quit working, they lose contact with different neurons, and they eventually die. Studies have also shown to slow down the rate of the developing, evolving Alzheimer s disease. Supplements are significant because of the absence of new medications to treat elderly†¦show more content†¦On a smaller scale, AD is a progressively developing disease. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the stage between the normal cognitive decay of ordinary aging and the more genuine decrease of dementia. I am specifically foc using on this intermediate phase of AD. MCI can include issues with memory, dialect, speculation and judgment that are more prominent than typical age-related changes. If one has mild cognitive impairment, you might know that your memory or mental capacity has dropped. The patient s family and companions may see a change. But, for the most part, these progressions aren t sufficiently extreme to meddle with one s everyday life and routine. Mild cognitive impairment may build one s danger of later advancing to dementia, brought on by AD or other neurological diseases.On the other hand, some individuals with MCI never worsen, and a couple show signs of improvement. Next, Homocysteine is a typical amino protein (one of the building obstructs make proteins) found in the blood and is gained for the most part from eating proteins. Elevated amounts of homocysteine are identified with the early improvement of heart and vein ailment. A hoisted level is viewed as a free hazard component for c oronary disease. High amounts of homocysteine is connected with low levels of vitamin B6, B12, and folate and renal illness. Research

Teacher-Coach Role Onflict Essay Sample free essay sample

Teacher-coach function struggle is an issue that is common to most physical instruction instructors. Physical pedagogues normally express high involvements in training since the business of physical instruction is synonymous with athletics. In fact. most believe that physical pedagogues must learn and train merely because of tradition. hence coercing a bulk of physical pedagogues into this double function of manager and instructor. Role struggle refers to persons involved in certain functions that are viing against each other. Persons must run into the demands of each function. hence making possible struggle and the inordinate emphasis added by the effort to run into every outlook. The intent of this paper is to analyze the issues of how teacher-coaches perceive their functions. the impact on pupils from this struggle and how teachers-coaches must carry through the demands required from each function. Percepts and Performance of Dual Roles in Teaching-Coaching Teachers-coaches often perceive disparities when trying to carry through the responsibilities of the two functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher-Coach Role Onflict Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page that of the instructor. and the function of the manager. All teacher-coaches may comprehend struggle otherwise based on their experiences and thoughts of their needed responsibilities for each function. The manner a teacher-coach perceives and performs their function slightly involves critical constructs in the enlisting phase of teacher socialisation: subjective warrant and the apprenticeship of observation. These constructs province. â€Å"subjective warrant is an individual’s perceptual experiences of the demands for learning. and their ability to carry through these demands. whereas the apprenticeship of observation is the thoughts and beliefs one holds about the occupation of learning based on experiences in school as a student† ( Gaudreault. 2012 ) . How instructor and managers interpret their business Teacher-coaches evidently will hold differences in the manner that they perceive the different disparities between the demands of double functions. These differences may be a consequence from their old experiences as a pupil. jock. or manager. First of all. it is of import to take a expression at whether teacher-coaches had different perceptual experiences about their business. Subjective warrant and the apprenticeship of observation significantly contribute to whether persons have different perceptual experiences of the demands required for teaching-coaching. Harmonizing to Richards and Templin. â€Å"pursuing a calling in training most people see learning physical instruction as the lone feasible path to going a coach† ( Richards A ; Templin. 2012. p. 167 ) . Teacher-coaches must acknowledge that they are straight responsible for the perceptual experience of physical instruction ; as a consequence public presentation may greatly be affected by the teacher-coaches perceptual experience of function importance. Distinguishing duties between the instructor and manager One could reason that teacher-coaches perform similar structured activities during category or pattern. There are several duties that being a instructor and manager portion. nevertheless there are some conflicting function demands that make learning a full-time occupation every bit good as training a full-time occupation of its ain. Harmonizing to Kwon. â€Å"in physical instruction. the development of cognitive. affectional. and psychomotor competences every bit good as an affinity for womb-to-tomb physical activity are typically cited as aims. while sports seeks to develop pupils who are talented in a specific athletics and to bring forth winning teams† ( Kwon ( Donovan. 1997 ) . 2010 ) . Some common constituents that are about the same for each function would include undertakings such as verbal direction. presentation of the accomplishments to be performed. widening or polishing undertakings. and look intoing for unde rstanding. Therefore. sing the different features. accomplishments. and demands of each calling. it is safe to presume that function struggle will happen with an person. How political relations influence teacher-coaches behaviourAs stated before. coaching can be considered a full-time occupation itself with the extra duties that are associated with instruction. â€Å"A teacher’s engagement in institutional events and presence in the school are critical to the development of the teacher’s individuality and success. † ( Schempp. 2003. p. 18 ) is a major factor to the political relations of instruction and coaching. Persons may hold trouble equilibrating the clip spent on each function where one function may take precedence over the other. the precedences associated with learning normally being shoved to the side to carry through clip demands. Physical pedagogues love prosecuting in athleticss this one of the chief ground they entered this field. hence coaching clip demands seem far more of import than ones’ learning duties. Impact Role Conflict has on Teachers-Coaches and Students Teacher-coaches and pupils are straight affected by the clip demands. attempt. and deficiency of answerability that is placed upon the instructor or the manager. All these factors mentioned decidedly impact the quality of direction. relationships with pupils. equals. and their really ain personal life. Coaching will take a great trade of clip demand. passing a bulk of flushing. weekends. or summers seeking to equilibrate instruction and training seeking to avoid burnout. An single must be cognizant that there will be force per unit areas and clip restraints that come with being a physical pedagogue or manager. Stress and Burnout Physical pedagogues who frequently accept this double function as a instructor and a manager tend to see emphasis seeking to run into the demands of both functions. in bend ensuing in burnout. Harmonizing to writers. â€Å"role strain. besides called function overload. is defined as being exposed to greater demands in footings of clip. energy. and/or committedness than the single possesses or is willing to give to the role† ( Drake A ; Hebert. 2002. p. 170 ) . Trying to learn and train topographic points a considerable sum of force per unit area on an individual’s personal relationships with friends and household. Drake and Herbert ( 2002 ) indicate that a major beginning of emphasis ensuing in burnout was the function struggle of prosecuting in each function: Characteristic of teacher-coach places is a competition for an individual’s resources. and those who occupy this double function are forced to do determinations about how much clip. energy. and committedne ss to give to each function ( Donovan. 1997 ) . In add-on to teacher-coach inter-role struggle. these participants besides described two signifiers of intra-role struggle within the coaching function. which resulted from training multiple athleticss and parental outlooks. ( pg. 179 ) Consequently. if the teacher-coach experiences any marks of burnout it is safe to province that they are far more likely to give their best attempt and supply most likely pupils in the schoolroom quality direction. Stress contributes to teacher-coaches prefering one business more than the other. which normally tends to be training instead than learning. particularly seen in males instead than females. Precedences of Teacher-Coaches Harmonizing to Schempp. â€Å"the force per unit area to win and bring forth successful jocks. combined with the comparatively low answerability of physical pedagogues to show students’ fittingness or accomplishment proficiency usually means that the coaching duties receive greater attending and the student’s direction suffers† ( Schempp. 2003. p. 22 ) . Harmonizing to this position. teacher-coaches tend to acknowledge that they are more likely to be fired for training instead than their teaching public presentation ; accordingly. they spend a bulk of their clip carry throughing the outlooks and demands for training. The success of an athletic squad far outweighs the importance of physical instruction with most schools since the political relations of the school topographic point a much higher value on athleticss than the value of pupil acquisition. Difference in relationships between pupils and pupil jocks Work in schoolrooms are frequently isolated from equals and outside influences compared to training which notably additions far more attending from the public oculus. One must be prepared to meet more force per unit area from disposal. parents. and staff while training. later society is extremely competitory necessarily doing managers denominate more clip and attempt towards training with the extra force per unit area from outside beginnings. The influential factor of clip greatly affects how relationships differ from pupils to student jocks for teacher-coaches. An statement could be made that pupil athletes gain far more cognition and penetration than merely pupils in the schoolroom due to the fact that they have extended sums of clip with the teacher-coach. Another difference in the relationships between teacher-coaches and student/students jocks is the simple fact that the teacher favors the jocks due to the student-athletes success in the schoolroom and in pattern. Teacher-coaches relationships with their pupils and jocks is greatly affected by the deficiency of answerability for learning. and the force per unit area seen from clip restraints and sensed attempt. Schemes to get by with teacher-coach function struggle There are likely a assortment of methods used to better get bying with this double function struggle that so frequently occurs with teacher-coaches. Persons must hold on and follow schemes to guarantee success as a instructor and as a manager. There are legion schemes that are designed to obtain optimum public presentation with two conflicting occupational functions. The followers will discourse common schemes and methods that will be good to every bit run intoing the needed demands from learning and training. Differences in teacher-coaches sensed force per unit area and emphasis associated with carry throughing both functions will differ with each person. hence different schemes may fulfill conflicting demands better for some than others. Adopting methods to guarantee success First to get down following methods for persons to guarantee success teacher-coaches must be motivated and willing to alter if necessary. As discussed earlier. clip demands and attempt play a immense function in finding whether or non an person is sing emphasis and force per unit area to carry through their ends for both callings. Harmonizing to Millslagle and Morley. â€Å"time is the biggest defeat for coach/teacher† ( Millslagle A ; Morley. 2004 ) . One ground that clip may be the taking job for the teacher-coaches is the fact that athleticss are being coach twelvemonth unit of ammunition. even if the athletics is competitory merely three months of the twelvemonth. Planning and waiving on following methods to diminish the force per unit area and stressors associated with this function struggle may entirely be based on the perceptual experiences and clip of burnout. Planing schemes to better public presentation There are specific schemes that have been antecedently developed to guarantee that burnout and jobs happening with teacher-coach function struggle less often transpire. When burnout and emphasis arise three get bying schemes are often used to cut down job-related emphasis and function struggle. and avoid burnout. Drake and Herbert identified three schemes developed over clip in order to retrieve from function struggle comprised of: personal release. organisation accomplishments. and wise mans ( Drake A ; Hebert. 2002 ) . Personal release refers to dividing yourself physically and/or mentally from work such as disbursement clip with household or possibly exerting. Organizational accomplishments will farther assist you avoid emphasis from all of the multiple undertakings and skills one must possess to be a teacher-coach. Last of all. remaining in touch with wise mans for teachers-coaches is a great header mechanism. Establishing schemes and meeting outlooks The high degrees of job-related emphasis will finally take to burnout. unless persons successfully develop and utilize get bying mechanisms to cut down emphasis. Harmonizing to Ha. Hums. and Greenwell. â€Å"burnout is a province of physical. emotional. and mental exhaustion caused by long-run engagement in state of affairss that are emotionally demanding ( Ha. Hums. A ; Greenwell. 2011 ) . The degree of burnout and sum of emphasis may change from being reasonably low to highly high all depending on the state of affairs. As a hereafter pedagogue one must be willing to follow schemes such as those discussed above. which centers methods developed to get away force per unit area associated with the double function struggle. Once persons have adopted schemes that seek to guarantee initial function strain is minimum 1 must get down by concentrating on schemes such as developing clip direction for one’s personal life. organisational accomplishments. and larning from wise mans. Dec ision All in all. a teacher-coach function struggle is a re-occurring issue that is common in the physical instruction field. Although there are many methods to better public presentation for both functions as a teacher-coach. jobs will ever originate as this affair with force per unit area to win. emphasis from deficiency of clip. and the sum of attempt displayed due to low answerability. After researching the teacher-coach function struggle we should now understand the issues with how teacher-coaches perceive their functions. the impact this struggle takes on their pupils. and how certain coping mechanisms must be adopted in order one to carry through the demands required to be a teacher-coach. In my sentiment. I think that persons must be ready to meet emphasis and force per unit areas that come from double functions if they plan to go a physical educator-coach. A key to being successful as a teacher-coach is to acknowledge the possible function struggles and develop schemes that will m inimise these struggles. As schools continue to engage physical instruction instructors with outlooks that they will presumptively train every bit good will be a beginning of why this function struggle will ever be. Teacher-coaches must endeavor to happen solutions that will work out the struggles brought approximately by the double business of instruction and coaching. Mentions Donovan. M. ( 1997 ) . Role overload and function struggle: Teacher or manager. British Journal of Physical Education. 17-20. Drake. D. D. . A ; Hebert. E. P. ( 2002 ) . Percepts of occupational emphasis and schemes for avoiding burnout: instance surveies of two female teacher-coaches. Physical Educator. 59 ( 4 ) . 170-183. Gaudreault. K. L. ( 2012 ) . Socialogical issues in learning physical instruction. The Global Journal of Health and Physical Education Pedagogy. 1 ( 4 ) . 321-33. Ha. J. . Hums. M. . A ; Greenwell. T. C. ( 2011 ) . Double Role of Physical Education Teacher-Athletic Directors in Korean Secondary Schools. Physical Educator. 68 ( 4 ) . 221-233. Millslagle. D. . A ; Morley. L. ( 2004 ) . Probe of Role Retreatism in the Teacher/Coach. Physical Educator. 61 ( 3 ) . 120-130. Richards. K. R. . A ; Templin. T. J. ( 2012 ) . Toward a Multidimensional Perspective on Teacher-Coach Role Conflict. Quest. 64 ( 3 ) . 164-176. Schempp. P. G. ( 2003 ) . Teaching Sport and Physi cal Activity: Penetration on the route to excellence. Champaign. IL. United States of America: Human Dynamicss.

Limitation of sight and hearing free essay sample

Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. Most of the limitation of sight can be overcome with the help of certain optical instruments such as magnifying glass, microscope, binoculars and others. The range of frequency of hearing in human 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. It was different according to the age of a person. Hearing limitations can be overcome by using devices such as microphone, stethoscope, earphone and PA system. All of these devices help us to make our live easier. INTRODUCTION 2OBJECTIVE 3APPRECIATION 4LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 5LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 6DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 7DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 8PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 9PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATION OF HEARING Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. the objective of learning about the limitation of sight and hearing: ? I have learnt that our hearing and sight has limitation. We will write a custom essay sample on Limitation of sight and hearing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? I have learnt that we can overcome the limitation of our sight and hearing by using or wearing technology devices. ? The technology devices have make our lives easier. Technology Devices to Overcome the Limitations of Sight and Hearing Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. Most of the limitation of sight can be overcome with the help of certain optical instruments such as magnifying glass, microscope, binoculars and others. The range of frequency of hearing in human 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. It was different according to the age of a person. Hearing limitations can be overcome by using devices such as microphone, stethoscope, earphone and PA system. All of these devices help us to make our live easier. 1 INTRODUCTION 2OBJECTIVE 3APPRECIATION 4LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 5LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 6DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 7DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 8PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 9PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATION OF HEARING 10 Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. The objective of learning about the limitation of sight and hearing: ? I have learnt that our hearing and sight has limitation. ? I have learnt that we can overcome the limitation of our sight and hearing by using or wearing technology devices. ? The technology devices have make our lives easier. First of all I would like to thank my parents for supporting me on financial moral support to complete this project. I am lucky to have such parents. Thanks to my science teacher Puan Nuzaihan for giving me a chance to do this project. Lastly, I want to thank my friends that always help me and also share some information. Not forgotten for all parties that involved. Thank you very much. Limitation Of Sight Our sense of sight has its limitations. We cannot see objects that are very tiny, such as bacteria, viruses and atoms with our naked eye. We also cannot see the stars and planets that are very far from Earth. Limitation of sight is whereby a person is able to see an object, colour, shape until certain extend. Limitations of sight can be overcome by using appropriate optical devices such as microscope, telescope, periscope and others. Technology Devices to Overcome the Limitations of Sight and Hearing Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. Most of the limitation of sight can be overcome with the help of certain optical instruments such as magnifying glass, microscope, binoculars and others. The range of frequency of hearing in human 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. It was different according to the age of a person. Hearing limitations can be overcome by using devices such as microphone, stethoscope, earphone and PA system. All of these devices help us to make our live easier. 1 INTRODUCTION 2OBJECTIVE 3APPRECIATION 4LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 5LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 6DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 7DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 8PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 9PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATION OF HEARING 10 Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. The objective of learning about the limitation of sight and hearing: ? I have learnt that our hearing and sight has limitation. ? I have learnt that we can overcome the limitation of our sight and hearing by using or wearing technology devices. ? The technology devices have make our lives easier. First of all I would like to thank my parents for supporting me on financial moral support to complete this project. I am lucky to have such parents. Thanks to my science teacher Puan Nuzaihan for giving me a chance to do this project. Lastly, I want to thank my friends that always help me and also share some information. Not forgotten for all parties that involved. Thank you very much. Limitation Of Sight Our sense of sight has its limitations. We cannot see objects that are very tiny, such as bacteria, viruses and atoms with our naked eye. We also cannot see the stars and planets that are very far from Earth. Limitation of sight is whereby a person is able to see an object, colour, shape until certain extend. Limitations of sight can be overcome by using appropriate optical devices such as microscope, telescope, periscope and others. Technology Devices to Overcome the Limitations of Sight and Hearing Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. Most of the limitation of sight can be overcome with the help of certain optical instruments such as magnifying glass, microscope, binoculars and others. The range of frequency of hearing in human 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. It was different according to the age of a person. Hearing limitations can be overcome by using devices such as microphone, stethoscope, earphone and PA system. All of these devices help us to make our live easier. 1 INTRODUCTION 2OBJECTIVE 3APPRECIATION 4LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 5LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 6DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 7DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 8PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 9PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATION OF HEARING 10 Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. The objective of learning about the limitation of sight and hearing: ? I have learnt that our hearing and sight has limitation. ? I have learnt that we can overcome the limitation of our sight and hearing by using or wearing technology devices. ? The technology devices have make our lives easier. First of all I would like to thank my parents for supporting me on financial moral support to complete this project. I am lucky to have such parents. Thanks to my science teacher Puan Nuzaihan for giving me a chance to do this project. Lastly, I want to thank my friends that always help me and also share some information. Not forgotten for all parties that involved. Thank you very much. Limitation Of Sight Our sense of sight has its limitations. We cannot see objects that are very tiny, such as bacteria, viruses and atoms with our naked eye. We also cannot see the stars and planets that are very far from Earth. Limitation of sight is whereby a person is able to see an object, colour, shape until certain extend. Limitations of sight can be overcome by using appropriate optical devices such as microscope, telescope, periscope and others. Technology Devices to Overcome the Limitations of Sight and Hearing Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. Most of the limitation of sight can be overcome with the help of certain optical instruments such as magnifying glass, microscope, binoculars and others. The range of frequency of hearing in human 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. It was different according to the age of a person. Hearing limitations can be overcome by using devices such as microphone, stethoscope, earphone and PA system. All of these devices help us to make our live easier. 1 INTRODUCTION 2OBJECTIVE 3APPRECIATION 4LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 5LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 6DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 7DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 8PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 9PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATION OF HEARING 10 Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. The objective of learning about the limitation of sight and hearing: ? I have learnt that our hearing and sight has limitation. ? I have learnt that we can overcome the limitation of our sight and hearing by using or wearing technology devices. ? The technology devices have make our lives easier. First of all I would like to thank my parents for supporting me on financial moral support to complete this project. I am lucky to have such parents. Thanks to my science teacher Puan Nuzaihan for giving me a chance to do this project. Lastly, I want to thank my friends that always help me and also share some information. Not forgotten for all parties that involved. Thank you very much. Limitation Of Sight Our sense of sight has its limitations. We cannot see objects that are very tiny, such as bacteria, viruses and atoms with our naked eye. We also cannot see the stars and planets that are very far from Earth. Limitation of sight is whereby a person is able to see an object, colour, shape until certain extend. Limitations of sight can be overcome by using appropriate optical devices such as microscope, telescope, periscope and others. Technology Devices to Overcome the Limitations of Sight and Hearing Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. Most of the limitation of sight can be overcome with the help of certain optical instruments such as magnifying glass, microscope, binoculars and others. The range of frequency of hearing in human 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. It was different according to the age of a person. Hearing limitations can be overcome by using devices such as microphone, stethoscope, earphone and PA system. All of these devices help us to make our live easier. 1 INTRODUCTION 2OBJECTIVE 3APPRECIATION 4LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 5LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 6DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 7DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 8PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 9PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATION OF HEARING 10 Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. The objective of learning about the limitation of sight and hearing: ? I have learnt that our hearing and sight has limitation. ? I have learnt that we can overcome the limitation of our sight and hearing by using or wearing technology devices. ? The technology devices have make our lives easier. First of all I would like to thank my parents for supporting me on financial moral support to complete this project. I am lucky to have such parents. Thanks to my science teacher Puan Nuzaihan for giving me a chance to do this project. Lastly, I want to thank my friends that always help me and also share some information. Not forgotten for all parties that involved. Thank you very much. Limitation Of Sight Our sense of sight has its limitations. We cannot see objects that are very tiny, such as bacteria, viruses and atoms with our naked eye. We also cannot see the stars and planets that are very far from Earth. Limitation of sight is whereby a person is able to see an object, colour, shape until certain extend. Limitations of sight can be overcome by using appropriate optical devices such as microscope, telescope, periscope and others. Technology Devices to Overcome the Limitations of Sight and Hearing Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. Most of the limitation of sight can be overcome with the help of certain optical instruments such as magnifying glass, microscope, binoculars and others. The range of frequency of hearing in human 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. It was different according to the age of a person. Hearing limitations can be overcome by using devices such as microphone, stethoscope, earphone and PA system. All of these devices help us to make our live easier. 1 INTRODUCTION 2OBJECTIVE 3APPRECIATION 4LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 5LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 6DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 7DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS OF HEARING 8PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATIONS OF SIGHT 9PHOTOS OF DEVICES – LIMITATION OF HEARING 10 Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. The objective of learning about the limitation of sight and hearing: ? I have learnt that our hearing and sight has limitation. ? I have learnt that we can overcome the limitation of our sight and hearing by using or wearing technology devices. ? The technology devices have make our lives easier. First of all I would like to thank my parents for supporting me on financial moral support to complete this project. I am lucky to have such parents. Thanks to my science teacher Puan Nuzaihan for giving me a chance to do this project. Lastly, I want to thank my friends that always help me and also share some information. Not forgotten for all parties that involved. Thank you very much. Limitation Of Sight Our sense of sight has its limitations. We cannot see objects that are very tiny, such as bacteria, viruses and atoms with our naked eye. We also cannot see the stars and planets that are very far from Earth. Limitation of sight is whereby a person is able to see an object, colour, shape until certain extend. Limitations of sight can be overcome by using appropriate optical devices such as microscope, telescope, periscope and others. First of all I would like to thank my parents for supporting me on financial moral support to complete this project. I am lucky to have such parents. Thanks to my science teacher Puan Nuzaihan for giving me a chance to do this project. Lastly, I want to thank my friends that always help me and also share some information. Not forgotten for all parties that involved. Thank you very much. Limitation Of Sight Our sense of sight has its limitations. We cannot see objects that are very tiny, such as bacteria, viruses and atoms with our naked eye. We also cannot see the stars and planets that are very far from Earth. Limitation of sight is whereby a person is able to see an object, colour, shape until certain extend. Limitations of sight can be overcome by using appropriate optical devices such as microscope, telescope, periscope and others. Devices to overcome the limitations of sight. 1. Microscope †¢Instrument to magnify object such as virus. †¢Objective lens and eyepiece magnify image. -Types- light microscope, electron microscope 2. Magnifying glass †¢Limited magnifying power-10 to 15 times †¢Use to see small object. †¢Magnifying glass is convex lens. 3. Telescope †¢viewing distant objects -stars, planets , Moon. †¢Consists of two convex lenses- objective and eyepiece lens. †¢The image produced by the objective lens is magnified by the eyepiece lens. 4. Binoculars †¢Binoculars provide a stereoscopic vision of distant objects. †¢The parts of the binoculars and their functions are the same as those of the telescope. †¢Binoculars are actually a pair of telescope. †¢Use- watch horses running in a race 5. Ultrasound scanning device †¢ultrasonic waves create images -organ , fetus. †¢Device shaped like microphone is pressed against the area being scanned. †¢This device sends out very high frequency sound waves into the area being scanned. †¢The waves bounce back upon hitting an organ and an image of the organ is then obtained on computer screen 6. X-rays †¢X-rays can also be used to detect the condition of certain organs or detect fracture of bones. In medical X-rays, the X-rays penetrate the internal soft body tissues and form images on a film which can be examined by a radiologist

Find Acronyms in MS Word Documents

FIND ACRONYMS IN MS WORD DOCUMENTS A great tip from our friends at Shae Writing: This is a quick and easy way to find all the acronyms in an MS Word document. Remember that this command searches for consecutive capital letters, so it cannot distinguish between SCBA and DO NOT. For Word 2003: 1. Open the Find window (Ctrl + F). 2. Check the box labeled Use Wildcards. 3. In the Find what field, put this phrase: [A-Z]{2,} (no spaces) 4. Click Highlight all items found in: and choose Main Document. 5. Click Find All. 6. Voila! All of your acronyms will be highlighted. For Word 2007: Follow Steps 1-3 above (for Word 2003) 4. Click Reading Highlight, and then Highlight All. 5. You should be able to see all of your acronyms highlighted.

Janet Reno - First Woman Attorney General of the U.S.

Janet Reno - First Woman Attorney General of the U.S. About Janet Reno Dates: July 21, 1938 - November 7, 2016 Occupation: lawyer, cabinet official Known for: first woman Attorney General, first female states attorney in Florida (1978-1993) Janet Reno Biography Attorney General of the United States from March 12, 1993 until the end of the Clinton administration (January 2001), Janet Reno was an attorney who held various states attorney positions in the state of Florida prior to her federal appointment. She was the first woman to hold the office of Attorney General of the United States. Janet Reno was born and grew up in Florida. She left for Cornell University in 1956, majoring in chemistry, and then became one of 16 women in a class of 500 at Harvard Law School. Facing discrimination as a woman in her early years as a lawyer, she became staff director for the Judiciary Committee of the Florida House of Representatives. After a failed bid for a Congressional seat in 1972, she joined the states attorneys office, leaving to join a private law firm in 1976. In 1978, Janet Reno was appointed states attorney for Dade County for Florida, the first woman to hold that position. She then won reelection to that office four times. She was known for working hard on behalf of children, against drug peddlars, and against corrupt judges and police officers. On February 11, 1993, incoming President Bill Clinton appointed Janet Reno as Attorney General of the United States, after his first two choices had problems getting confirmed, and Janet Reno was sworn in May 12, 1993. Controversies and Actions as Attorney General Controversial actions involving Reno during her tenure as U.S. Attorney General included The Branch Davidian standoff and fire in Waco, Texas,Leak of the wrong name of a suspect during the investigation of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing during the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta (and later identification of the correct suspect, Eric Rudolph, who evaded capture until 2003)Return of Elian Gonzalez to his father in Cuba, andHer reluctance to appoint a special counsel to investigate allegations about 1996 campaign fund-raising by President Clinton and Vice President Gore. Other actions of the Department of Justice under Renos leadership included bringing Microsoft to court for antitrust violations, capture and conviction of the Unabomber, capture and conviction of those responsible for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and initiation of a lawsuit against tobacco companies. In 1995, during her term as Attorney General, Reno was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease. In 2007, when asked how it had changed her lifestyle, she replied, in part, that I do spend less time doing whitewater. Post-Cabinet Career and Life Janet Reno ran for governor in Florida in 2002, but lost in the Democratic primary. She has worked with the Innocence Project, which seeks to use DNA evidence to help gain  release of those who have been wrongfully convicted of crimes. Janet Reno never married, living with her mother until her mothers death in 1992. Her single status and her 61.5 height were the basis of innuendos about her sexual orientation and mannishness. Many writers have pointed out that male cabinet officials were not subjected to the same kinds of provably-false rumors, comments on dress and marital status, and sexual stereotyping as was Janet Reno. Reno died on November 7, 2016, the day before Election Day in the United States, when one of the major candidates was Hillary Clinton, wife of President Clinton who appointed Reno to his cabinet.   The cause of death was complications from Parkinsons disease which she had battled with for 20 years. Background, Family Father: Henry Reno (Danish immigrant, police reporter, originally named Rasmussen)Mother: Jane Wood (homemaker, then reporter)Three siblings (Robert, Maggy, Mark); Janet Reno was the eldest Education Cornell University, AB, chemistry, 1960Harvard Law School, LLB, 1963 Janet Reno Quotes Speak out against the hatred, the bigotry and the violence in this land. Most haters are cowards. When confronted, they back down. When we remain silent, they flourish.Haters are cowards. When confronted they often back down. We must resist haters.I hope to end racial, ethnic, and gender discrimination and disharmony in America by enforcing the laws to ensure equal opportunity for all Americans, and by restoring civil rights enforcement as one of the top priorities of the department. (acceptance speech for Attorney General)Im not fancy. Im what I appear to be.We want to continue the efforts against domestic violence and spread the drug courts, and develop real effective means of providing treatment for drug abusers without having to have them arrested.Nothing can make me madder than lawyers who dont care about others.At this moment I do not have a personal relationship with a computer.It might be that some day I shall be drowned by the sea, or die of pneumonia from sleeping out at ni ght, or be robbed and strangled by strangers. These things happen. Even so, I shall be ahead because of trusting the beach, the night and strangers. Anybody that thought that I tried to protect the president has forgotten that I asked for the expansion of the Monica Lewinsky matter.I mean, obviously, a situation like Waco, you wonder what you could have done differently. And in hindsight you would do something differently.I made the decision. Im accountable.The buck stops with me.I worked with some wonderful people, tried my best and I feel comfortable.Until the day I die, or until the day I cant think anymore, I want to be involved in the issues that I care about. Quotes About Janet Reno What is it about Janet Reno that so fascinates and confounds and even  terrifies  America? (Washington Post Magazine, Liza Mundy)While the capitals elite attended state dinners and fancy fundraisers, Reno would be out kayaking the Potomac River. (Julia Epstein)

Professionalism in health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Professionalism in health care - Essay Example Last month, I worked in a group made up of professionals of several interrelated fields, whereby we all worked on a common project. Despite the qualifications of group members, the project did not go well as planned due to shortcomings related to teamwork. For instance, group members usually digressed and spent project time to discuss their own matters and solve personal issues. This was primarily due to lack of a group leader. Had the members chosen a leader, then the latter would have had the responsibility of keeping the group in order, which could have been beneficial in timely completion of the task. On the other hand, group members succeed in completing part of the project due to some positive teamwork practices. For instance, the group members came up with new approaches to the problem through creative thinking and brainstorming, all of which contributed positively to the team and in turn completion of the

Business Project Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Project - Case Study Example (Yahoo Finance, 2005c) This is supported by the fact that IBM's gross revenue lags behind Microsoft and Dell Computers respectively. This is the reason why IBM is behind Microsoft by $1.55B in terms of its current net income. Recent changes in the technological milieu have provided Microsoft with several opportunities which they could exploit in order to gain advantage in the market. To illustrate, there is a growth of the use of mobile applications among the business sector as reflected by the emergence of personal digital assistants which could provide Microsoft the opportunity to take advantage of the virtually small number of companies offering software services for the said hardware. (Lewis et al, 2003) Moreover, the market for non-computer devices (non-desktop computer devices) apparently has been a growing industry as a consequence of the demand of the trendy and savvy modern professionals. (Amoruso et al, 2002) Finally, majority of the business divisions of the company is expanding which provides future possibilities for success. Similarly a number of general circumstances have also served as a threat to the company's macro-environmental settings. Among these threats is the fact that the life cycle of technological products is continuously becoming shorter as a result to the rapid developments in technology (Amoruso et al, 2002). Moreover, the competitors of the company, Apple and Linux, continue to eat up a bigger share on the market of operating systems. In terms of its global commerce, the reality of currency volatility could be detrimental in sales of the products of the company overseas. Alternative Course of Action Positioning IBM Consulting Services is entering the consumer electronics market with television sets, digital music players and an online music service, opening yet another front in its war with rivals Gateway Inc. and Apple Computer Inc. The shift is part of a broader strategy by IBM Consulting Services to expand its highly efficient, low-cost distribution model - which has consistently squeezed other personal-computer makers - into other markets, such as printers and servers. Gateway has also recently branched into consumer electronics after suffering brutal losses to IBM Consulting Services in the PC market. Research shows that, IBM Consulting Services is a well-managed leader in the PC industry with a commanding share of the fast-growing market segment of direct sales According to research, IBM Consulting Services developed a two-year communications plan based on the following strategies: Target a high-quality thought-leader media with stories that reinforce desired messages. According to sources, IBM Consulting S

Privacy in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Privacy in the Workplace Essay There are specific laws that protect consumers as well as employees in the workplace. Many of these laws relate to others. Laws, such as, FERPA, SOX, CIPA, and COPPA also grant rights to individuals under the First Amendment. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) protects a child’s student records from being viewed without parental consent. It gives parents access to their childs education records, an opportunity to seek to have the records amended, and some control over the disclosure of information from the records. When the child becomes 18 years old, the parents are no longer obligated to have rights to access the child’s personal records. Childrens Internet Protection Act (CIPA) is also engineered to the protection of children. Children are to be protected physically and mentally while in the care of school professionals. Schools must have policies in place protecting children from accessing harmful or obscene content over the internet. This law requires that K-12 schools and libraries in the United States use Internet filters and implement other measures to protect children from harmful online content as a condition for federal funding. The Child Online Protection Act (COPPA) applies to the online collection of personal information by persons or entities under U.S. jurisdiction from children under 13 years of age. It details what a website operator must include in a privacy policy, when and how to seek verifiable consent from a parent or guardian, and what responsibilities an operator has to protect childrens privacy and safety online including restrictions on the marketing to those under 13. While children under 13 can legally give out personal information with their parents permission, many websites disallow underage  children from using their services altogether due to the amount of cash and work involved in the law compliance. Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX) set new or enhanced standards for all U.S. public company boards, management and public accounting firms. The sections of the bill cover responsibilities of a public corporations board of directors, adds criminal penalties for certain misconduct, and required the Securities and Exchange Commission to create regulations to define how public corporations are to comply with the law.

Cultural Policy in the UK

Cultural Policy in the UK CULTURAL POLICY IN THE UK: Mid-1960s to late 1980s Cultural Policy in the UK: Critical overview of the last 30 years MARCH 2010 In the last three decades (approximately 1980 to 2010), cultural policy in the UK has taken a generally questionable direction. Overall, cultural policy and practices of the past 30 years have been overwhelmed by new neo-liberal discourses and ideologies, namely: economic rationalism, monetarism, neo-conservatism, commodification of culture, managerialism and performativity. Examining each of these in turn, it becomes apparent that a market-driven, neo-liberal approach to UK cultural policy has largely failed in each of its stated aims: economic growth, artistic excellence, increased access to the arts, and social justice. The mid-1970s were a real turning point in terms of cultural policy, with broad policy changes occurring from this time on both within and without the cultural sector. In many ways, the earlier 1970s epitomised cultural and political concerns with the general welfare of the public, and some support of the arts for their own sake rather than as an instrument of broader political and social change. The early 1970s saw, in many ways, a political climate of idealism. Cultural policy of the time reflected this atmosphere. However, there were drastic political, cultural, and ideological changes made later in the 1970s which have, to a degree, continued to shape the cultural policy discourse of the next thirty years and up to the present day (Gray, 2007). In the cultural sector as a whole, Gray describes the development of what he calls instrumental policies (Gray, 2007, p.5) since the mid-1970s. By this term Gray describes the shift in cultural policy from an arms-length, distanced governm ental approach to the arts and culture; to a political interest in using the cultural sector as an instrument, or instruments, of social, economic, and political change. In the first decades of state patronage of the arts, the Arts Council saw itself not as a source of direction, not as a source of artistic policy, but as a kind of enabling body (Stevens, 1998: 10, quoted in Caust, 2003, p.52). By the late 1970s, however, this attitude on the part of the state had changed dramatically. Instead of standing back and simply allowing the arts to develop and flourish via generous state subsidy and support, many Western governments including that of the United Kingdom developed the ideology that they could and should instead expect outcomes for their investments (Caust, 2003, p. 52). The overwhelming shift to a market-based, market-driven ideology in terms of cultural policy has had many negative effects upon the arts themselves, and several tangentially-related areas of the social and political landscape. In the last thirty years, it is economic change which appears to have been the states prime concern in terms of cultural policy, despite public assertions to the contrary. Gray states that the ideological and organisational changes toward instrumental policy-making have had an effect upon what the state does, how it does it, and the justifications and reasons that have been put forward to explain them (Gray, 2007, p.5). The reforms that have taken place in the realm of cultural policy in the United Kingdom have been summarised by scholars as variously representing a mode of privatisation (Alexander and Rueschemeyer, 2005, pp. 71-4), or one of commodification (Gray, 2000). Privatisation concerns, variously, a heightened level of interventionism in the management and administration of public assets (Gray, 2007, p.5) by private entities or actors; or the sale of previously-nationalised state industries and assets to the private sphere. Commodification is a term used to describe wider ch anges in political actions and ideology, concerning the replacement of cultural value derived from its usefulness, to value derived from its exchangeability (Gray, 2007, p.5). Commodification results from an ideological shift within the state, and this can be seen as a driving force in cultural policy developments within the last thirty years. Despite government assertions that artistic excellence and broadened public access to the arts are prime concerns of the state, economic concerns are also often of perhaps overriding concern to the Thatcher, Major, Blair and Brown administrations which governed Britain between 1980 and 2010. Tony Blairs opening statement in the government publication Culture and Creativity: The Next Ten Years (____) makes the economic preoccupation of the government in relation to cultural policy quite explicit. Blair acknowledges a connection between creativity and production and then makes an economic justification for his governments investment in supporting creativity in its broadest sense (Caust, 2007, p. 55). With reference to both culture and creativity, Blair states: [t]hey also matter because creative talent will be crucial to our individual and national economic success in the economy of the future (Smith, 2001: 3; quoted in Caust, 2007, p.55). Economic Rationalism Economic rationalism is a term first coined in Australia with regards to economic policies and ideologies which favour privatisation of state industries, a free-market economy, economic deregulation, reduction of the welfare state, increased indirect taxation and lower direct taxation (Pusey, 1991). Such policies were particularly widespread in a global context during the 1980s and 1990s. The policies of Thatcherism provide an example of economic rationalism in action. The origins of the term economic rationalism were actually favourable, in describing market-oriented policies of various administrations in Australia, the UK and the US in the 1970s and 1980s (Pusey, 1991). In the 1990s, the term started to be used with an unfavourable tone, toward the Third Way policies of both the Australian Labour Party and the UK New Labour party of the 1990s. Both these parties initiated market-driven reforms within their political ideologies, which placed them closer to Thatcherite economic rationalism via increased emphasis upon the private sector in economic, political, and cultural arenas (Pusey, 1991). These were parties which had not traditionally placed a relatively great emphasis upon the free-market economy, and therefore the term economic rationalism has been used somewhat disparagingly to indicate that these parties have, to a degree, abandoned their historically leftist roots, when social justice and expansion of the welfare state took precedence over sheer capitalism. In terms of cultural policy, economic rationalism is evident throughout the 1980s and 1990s in the United Kingdom. Thatcherist policies in the 1980s placed unprecedented ideological and practical emphasis upon the free market, and in terms of cultural policy this translated to cuts in arts and education budgets, and the development of private-public partnership in cultural funding. The logical effect of such policies was that the arts, in particular, became increasingly monetised and reliant upon market and mass appeal in order to survive economically. The UK governments of the 1980s and 1990s placed great ideological and political emphasis upon the economic potential of the countrys cultural sector. Bennett (1995) views such economic potential as being used as a prime justification for state action and interventions within the cultural sector (p. 205-7). However, as Gray (2007) points out, this is not necessarily the same as seeing culture as a mechanism for economic regeneration (p. 16). The governments of the 1980s and 1990s appear to have sought to use various pretexts, including economic arguments, in order to justify their interventions in the sphere of cultural policy, however their true intentions most of the time were to stimulate broader economic growth through such cultural policies. As we shall see later, attempts at stimulating economic growth through cultural policy have, by and large, failed overall. Caust (2007) asserts that more recent government policy debates have been dominated by an economic paradigm (p.52). Arguments which focus upon the economic value of the arts have developed, and thus a political atmosphere is created in which the intrinsic value or worth that society may place upon the arts is trumped by the arts purely economic value. Economic rationalism, through its emphasis on the free market and upon the private sector, speeds the development of such an atmosphere, which permeated the UK cultural policy sector throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Although Causts discussion (2007) focuses on cultural policy in the Australian context, there are many parallels with UK cultural policy during the same time period. Caust describes a changing climate in which less emphasis came to be placed on the definition of art itself and upon value judgments of a particular art piece or art form by acknowledged experts.   Instead, market theory is emphasised, and increased importance is placed upon those art forms which can achieve the greatest commercial success. In the realm of cultural policy, such a change in the mode of arts valuation by the state leads to the desire to support arts activity which was commercial, exportable and cost-efficient (Caust, 2007, p.52). In the realm of cultural production, the natural result of such cultural policies is the emergence of mass cultural products which satisfy the market. Simon Cowell, and the massive, global Pop Idol and X Factor talent-show franchises he created, epitomises the result of two decades of economic rationalism. These programs, in which amateur singers compete in a televised, viewer-voted series, are vastly commercially successful and have been licensed in the US and many European and Latin American countries. Cowell has made a fortune, and it is typically a given that the winner of Pop Idol or The X Factor will have the Christmas number-one single in the UK (2009/2010 was an exception to this rule, when a social-media campaign deliberately pushed a reissued single by agit-rock group Rage Against The Machine to the top of the UK charts in a display of protest against the blandness and ubiquity of Cowells cover-song artists). While a huge success in economical terms Cowells franchises combine all the government-desired traits of exportability and mass-market appeal, while stimulating sales of music media in addition to generating signifi cant revenue via paid telephone voting and merchandise it could hardly be argued that the format of these shows stimulates artistic originality, experimentation, or musical development in any significant way.   The example above demonstrates that to give the market what it wants often leads to a lowest-common-denominator approach to cultural production and a bland stifling of the development of new and exciting art forms. Such effects of economic rationalism on cultural policy and therefore upon culture itself reflect Causts discussion of economic concerns and their effects on culture. As Caust states, such market-oriented cultural policy creates a compromising role for artists since serving the state as an economic generator is very different from taking risks artistically, or being innovative and creative generally. It could be argued this objective is little different from the expectations of a totalitarian state, in which its artists serve the states political aims. (Caust, 2007, p.54) Managerialism Prior to the late 1970s and early 1980s, governments had on the whole aimed to effect an arms-length approach in terms of arts management. One of the founding principles of the Arts Council itself was that it should be relatively independent of the government itself, and not directly under government control. Gray (2007) noted the general tendency of governments to adopt relatively indirect forms of involvement (p.11). Gray states that this role can be advantageous for governments, as they are not especially held accountable for the results of such policies implemented at arms-length: they can have some effect on the sector by producing general policies but, at the same time, they can avoid being held directly responsible or accountable for the specific policy choices that are then made on their behalf. (Gray, 2007, p.11) However, with the political, ideological, social and economic changes which took place when Thatcher was elected, the governments of the 1980s onwards adopted an increasingly managerialistic approach to the arts and cultural policy. Increasingly, the arts management implemented by successive administrations over the last three decades has been moved towards a new style of management that has been influenced by private sector models (in the form of mission statements and marketing, for example) (Gray, 2000, p. 112). It certainly follows logically that governments which prioritise capitalism and the free market would be attracted to the idea of imposing private-sector management models upon spheres they were hoping would become economically productive. Hence, successive governments have attempted to run the arts and cultural spheres, to some degree, as if they were private commercial enterprises. In many cases, this is a misunderstanding or misrepresentation of the inherent nature of m any areas of the arts. Generally, the start of managerialism in UK cultural policy can be seen during the reforms taking place under the label the New Public Management (NPM) (Gray, 2007, p.6). NPM emphasised several core concepts, which were put into action via UK state intervention in the cultural sphere. Under NPM, managers in the arts realm were empowered to make more decisions relating to their sphere of management; results were prioritised, and valued, over processes; managerial control was more generally decentralised; competition in terms of public service provision was actively encouraged; new emphasis was placed upon performance measurement; and management appointments now tended to be made through contracts rather than through seniority or hierarchy within the sector (Osborne and McLaughlin, 2002, p. 9; Pollitt, 2003a, pp. 27-8; Gray, 2007, p.6). Following the 1988 Ibbs Report, new managerial bodies were created by the government for example, the Executive Agencies (or, more formally, Non-Departmental Public Bodies) (Gray, 2007, p. 8). This led to a general decentralisation of government arts management, but also to issues regarding accountability, managerial responsibility and the relationship of elected politicians and appointed managers with the prime example being that of the clash between the then Home Secretary Michael Howard and the then head of the Prison Service, Derek Lewis. (Gray, 2007, p. 8) Local Strategic Partnerships and Regional Development Agencies were newly-instigated modes of arts management, which further emphasised both the decentralisation of government cultural policy during this period. Additionally, these agencies show evidence of overall managerialism towards the arts in that they demonstrate a devolution of power to local and regional arts managers. (Gray, 2007, p. 9) In later years, a somewhat different (modernizing) model of public management (Gray, 2007, p.6) was implemented, although the more general emphasis upon the concept of managerialism with respect to cultural policy did endure. Commodification of Culture In keeping with governmental emphasis upon the economy and the free market within the last three decades, there has followed an increasing commodification of culture. An obvious example of such commodification is enclosed within the phrases cultural industries and creative industries, which were hailed by New Labour in the 1990s and 2000s as a means of economic regeneration in the United Kingdom. Caust (2007) argues that the development of a view of cultural activity and production as an industry grew not only from the government, but also from the cultural producers themselves: When it became increasingly difficult in the early eighties to successfully argue the arts to government purely on the basis of the community welfare model, bureaucrats, practitioners and academics began the shift towards using a language that described the arts as an industry and developed the economic/cultural industry model. This led to the use of the terms cultural industries in Australia or in the United Kingdom, creative industries to describe all activities connected with the arts, as well as sectors far removed (Caust, 2007, p. 54) These cultural industries had been growing throughout the latter part of the twentieth century, aided by technological advances and global economic factors. In the northern hemisphere, populations were enjoying increased economic prosperity; leisure time was on the increase generally; television allowed mass cultural consumption in unprecedented fashion; and consumer electronics including audio and video equipment were becoming widely available and affordable (Hesmondhalgh Pratt, 2005, p. 3). By the early 1980s, the state was increasingly aware of these growing cultural industries both within the UKs own economy, and on a more global level. A path of increasing commodification of public policies was followed since the mid-1970s, with resultant changes in a broad range of cultural spaces. Ideologies prior to this mass commodification of culture had identified society as a whole as the primary intended beneficiary of government cultural policy. Increased commodification led to a shift, as the intended beneficiary of cultural activity and policy was now the individual consumer (Gray, 2007, p.14). Whereas cultural policy had previously been judged upon a broad range of criteria including social justice, access, and excellence; increasing commodification led to a narrowing of the criteria for judging cultural policy (ibid). Increased emphasis on the market value of cultural products and industries leads to an assessment of cultural policy in primarily, if not exclusively, economic terms. Again, this demonstrates a political preoccupation with the outcomes and outputs of cultural policy rather than the processes and inputs re lated to such policies, and a clear link between managerialism in cultural policy and the concomitant overall commodification of the culture produced under such a system. Performativity Just as the language and aims of commercial private industry were adopted for the cultural policy sphere via managerialism, economic realism, and the commodification of culture, so too the cultural sphere adopted measures and concerns regarding performance during the last three decades. Again, policies were judged on their results, their output and their products, and the economic success of cultural endeavour. In the realm of education, standardised performance tests have been increasingly introduced into the state schools, with the frequency, scope and range of educational tests increasingly greatly throughout the past thirty years. Likewise, in the sphere of cultural policy, tests of performance have also been increasingly implemented. These include Comprehensive Performance Assessments, and the Comprehensive Area Assessments replacing them in 2009, Best Value Indicators, Key Lines of Enquiry for Service Inspection, Local Area, Funding and Public Service Agreements, all of which p rovide explicit criteria against which service provision can be assessed (Gray, 2007, p. 8-9). The driving ideology behind such a raft of new tests to measure cultural and educational performance would appear to be a notion of accountability. The government wants to prove to an often sceptical public that its policies, whether in education or in culture, are working. Decentralisation of managerial power, and increased managerialism in cultural policy, provide a layer of accountability, or at the very least a scapegoat for failed or disappointing policies. Again, this move towards evidence-based policy-making and assessment reflects the belief of successive governments that the models that work for business can be applied to the cultural sphere. It is uncertain whether this is in fact correct. Culture does not function in the same way as manufacturing or other private business enterprises, and the outputs or achievements of the cultural industries and creative industries may be relatively intangible and ultimately difficult to measure with performance tests. Here, again, the inappropriateness of applying capitalist, market-driven ideals to the sphere of cultural policy is exposed. Also, the possibility is raised that such performativity in the cultural sphere serves two, largely unstated functions for the government: firstly, regular testing encourages increased cultural production, which within the confines of cultural industry could be expected to increase economic production; secondly, such emphasis on performance provides a form of justification for government policy in the cultural sphere. There has always been dissent regarding state arts spending in the United Kingdom how much public money is spent, what it is spent on, and what return the British taxpayers can exp ect on their investment in the arts. Performance tests in the cultural sector allow the state to point to demonstrable success, progress, or productivity in the cultural sector, which can be interpreted as proof of successful cultural policy implementation. Instrumentalism Instrumentalism the use of cultural institutions and cultural policy to achieve specific political aims is in many ways as old as cultural policy itself. For as long as there has been state arts patronage in the United Kingdom, the state has attempted to utilise the institutions, activities and sectors it sponsored to make political, social and economic changes to society. In the most recent three decades, the emphasis has been upon the latter, whereas earlier in the twentieth century, more importance was perhaps placed upon concepts of social change and nation-building. The roots of the Arts Council the organisation CEMA which was instituted during the Second World War were in morale-building, increased public access, softening of Britains class divisions, and fostering patriotism and a sense of the unified nation. As such, state intervention in the cultural sphere has more often than not been with at least some intention of using said intervention as a political or other tool. Gray states that the museums sector, in particular, is effectively being used as a tool for the attainment of the policy objectives of actors and concerns that have traditionally been seen to lie outside of the museums sector itself (Gray, 2007, p. 3). Museums are particularly susceptible to political manipulation, as they occupy a unique cultural space in terms of creating a nations sense of history and heritage, and fostering ideas of nationhood and the future of a country. What is included or excluded in a museum, and the manner in which it is displayed and framed, has a huge effect upon its reception and the ideas it can inspire. Vestheim (1994), talking of cultural policy, defines instrumental policy as being to use cultural ventures and cultural investments as a means or instrument to attain goals in other than cultural areas (p. 65). In broad terms, all cultural policy, and by extension all public policy, can be viewed as instrumental policy. All policy is intended to achieve something (Gray, 2007, p. 205). So, while instrumentalitsm has always been a feature of cultural policy in the United Kingdom, it is in recent decades that it has come to the forefront of the cultural discourse. Thatcher, Major and New Labour under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown have all emphasised cultural policy as an instrument of economic regeneration, and achievement within the market. As such, they have acknowledged that their cultural policies are more baldly instrumental in nature than those of preceding administrations which at least paid lip service to ideals of social justice, welfare, and development of the arts for their own sake. Neo-Conservatism After the industrial and economic woes of the 1970s in the United Kingdom, the tide was ready to turn to neo-conservatism, and this was a change mirrored in many of the Western societies. Reagan, for example, was president of the United States during the Thatcher regime in the UK, and both pursued Conservative policies within a capitalist framework. In cultural policy and artistic thinking, neo-conservatism was perhaps the ideological opposite to the Romanticism of the preceding century. In the nineteenth century, cultural discourse was dominated by the ideal of the lone, genius artist who would be successful only posthumously (a striking example of this would be many of the great Romantic musical composers). Romantic ideology lauded the isolated artist-genius who was inspired to work purely because of artistic passion, rather than economic concerns. In fact, to be a poor and starving artist conveyed perhaps relatively more artistic credibility. It was believed that the true value of art is transcendent and can be determined by experts, commonly accompanied by the idea that the monetary value of art is false and the market cannot decide (Hesmondhalgh Pratt, 2005, p. 5). Concomitant with this was the Romantic belief that art was for all, and that culture has the power to act as a civilising force upon society as a whole. Neo-conservatism tuned these ideas on their head. The lauded artist of the 1980s through 2000s is economically successful, creating a cultural product or commodity that appeals to, and responds to, the demands of the mass capitalist market. Ideals of the civilising powers of high culture upon society as a whole have been largely abandoned in practical terms, in favour of economic concerns (despite state assertions to the contrary, the prime goal in recent years appears to be financial rather than social). Limited positive effects of neo-conservative cultural policies and ideologies can be appreciated in some spheres. Caust argues that, in a society which is dominated by capitalist values (Caust, 2007, p.54), an economically successful artist will likely receive greater respect for their work, as well as more money. Furthermore, the market-driven, neo-conservative emphasis on the exportability of cultural product can have the positive effects of creating national pride and highlighting the value of cultural production to the wider world (ibid, p. 54). Monetarism Conclusions In recent times arts funding agencies have been restructured to reflect a market-driven agenda rather than an arts-driven agenda. (Caust, 2003, p. 51) Overall in the last thirty years, cultural policy in the UK has looked increasingly to capitalism, the free-market economy, and the so-called cultural and creative industries in terms of cultural policy direction. Models from the world of business and commerce have been applied over several decades to the cultural sector: managerialism; instrumentalism; monetarism; economic realism; performativity; and the overwhelming commodification of all kinds of culture. In implementing these policies, many of the more socially-just aims of prior generations of cultural policy-makers have been neglected or abandoned. In an era of increasing globalisation, successive UK governments of the past thirty years have pushed for cultural production, economic viability and profitability, and the creation of exportable cultural commodities for mass cultural consumption. Applying such concepts and organisational structures from private industry to the cultural sector has its drawbacks. Caust states that, when it comes down to dollars, the arts cannot in any way compete with many other components of the broad cultural industry spectrum such as the communications or IT areas. (Caust, 2007, p.55). Overall, the forces of neo-conservatism have not succeeded in making the UK cultural sector an economically productive and independently viable industry. In attempting to fit the arts and culture into a capitalist mould, UK cultural policy of the past thirty years has failed in many arenas cultural, social, economical, and political. Bibliography ACGB, records: 1928-1997. http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/wid/ead/acgb/acgbb.html (London: Victoria Albert Museum) Alexander and Rueschemeyer, 2005 _________________________________ Alexander, David (1978), A Policy for the Arts: Just Cut Taxes, (London: Selsdon Group, 1978) Amis, Kingsley (1979). An Arts Policy? ( London: Centre for Policy Studies, 1979). Barnes, T. (2001) Retheorizing economic geography: from the quantitative revolution to the cultural turn. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 91, 546-65. Pusey, Michael (1991).   Economic Rationalism in Canberra: A Nation Building State Changes its Mind. Cambridge University Press. Bennett, O (1995), Cultural Policy in the United Kingdom: Collapsing Rationales and the End of a Tradition, European Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 1, pp. 199-216 Bilton, Chris (____).   Cultures of Management: Cultural Policy, Cultural Management and Creative Organisations _______ Caust, Jo (2003).   Putting the Art back into Arts Policy Making: How Arts Policy has been Captured by the Economists and the Marketers, The International Journal of Cultural Policy, 2003 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 51-63 Cormack, Patrick ed., Right Turn ( London: Leo Cooper, 1978) Croft, Andy (1995) Betrayed Spring: The Labour Government and British Literary Culture, in Labours Promised Land? Culture and Society in Labour Britain, 1945-51, ed. Jim Fyrth (London: Lawrence Wishart, 1995) Elsom, John (1971), Theatre Outside London ( London: Macmillan, 1971) Fisher, Rod (2010) United Kingdom/ 1. Historical perspective: cultural policies and instruments, Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 11th edition, 2010. Council of Europe/ERICarts. Retrieved from http://www.culturalpolicies.net/web/unitedkingdom.php Fyrth, Jim (1995). Labours Promised Land? Culture and Society in Labour Britain, 1945-51, London: Lawrence Wishart Gray, C. (1995), The Commodification of Cultural Policy in Britain, pp. 307-15 in J. Lovenduski and J. Stanyer (eds), Contemporary Political Studies 1995 (Belfast, Political Studies Association) Gray, Clive (2007).   Instrumental Cultural Policies: Causes, Consequences and Museums, Paper to the Arts and Humanities Research Council Instrumental Museum and Gallery Policy Workshop, University of Glasgow, October 2007 Gray, Clive. (2000). The Politics of the Arts in Britain.   Palgrave Macmillan, UK. Haines, Joe (2003) Glimmers of Twilight. London, Politicos Publishers. Haney (2010). Britpop, Retrieved March 17, 2010 from http://uweb.cas.usf.edu/~dslone/pathfinders/haney.htm Harris, John S. (1969), Decision-Makers in Government Programs of Arts Patronage: The Arts Council of Great Britain, The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun., 1969), pp. 253-264. Western Political Science Association, University of Utah Hennessy, P. and Seldon, A. (eds.) (1987) Ruling Performance: British Government from Attlee to Thatcher. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Hewison, R. (1998), New Cultural Models for Old, International Journal of Cultural Policy, vol. 5(1), 99-107. Hull, Robin (1958). Subsidised Music: 1. Th

Uma Sekaran’s Chapter 2 Review

The chapter 2 of Research Methods of Business by Uma Sekaran speaks of scientific investigation detailing on the eight hallmarks of science and the limitations of scientific research in management along with the hypothetico-deductive method of research. The hallmarks or main distinguishing characteristics of scientific research can be the following 1. Purposiveness: The research should have a purposive focus i. e. some definite purpose will be served after the research 2. Rigor: Rigor means carefulness, scrupulousness and the degree of exactitude in research investigations good theoretical base and a sound methodological design will add rigor to a purposive study. 3. Testability: if a certain hypothesis gets developed through unstructured interview or library search, then the hypothesis can be tested by applying certain statistical tests to the data collected for the purpose.. 4. Replicability: The results of the test of hypotheses should be supported again and again when same type of research is repeated in other similar circumstances. The researchers will gain confidence in the scientific nature of the research. 5. Precision and confidence: Precision refers to closeness of the findings to â€Å"reality† based on a sample. It reflects the degree of accuracy or exactitude of the results on the basis of the sample to what it really exists in the universe. Confidence refers to the probability that the estimations are correct. 6. Objectivity: The conclusions drawn through the interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objective i. e. they should be based on facts of the findings of the actual data. The more objective the interpretation of data , the more scientific the research investigation becomes. 7. Generalizability: This refers to the scope of applicability of the research findings in one organizational setting to other settings. The wider the range of applicability of the solutions generated by research, the ore useful the research is to the users. 8. Parsimony: Simplicity in explaining the phenomenon or the problem that occur and in generating solutions for the problems is always preferred to complex research frameworks. In the management and behavioral areas , it is not possible to conduct investigations that are 100% scientific because of measurement and collection of data in the subjective areas like feelings, emotions, attitudes and perceptions. These problems occur whenever one tries to quantify human behavior. Thus , the eight hallmarks of science cannot be achieved in full . The deduction and induction processes are explained as follows Deduction: it is the process of arriving at a reasoned conclusion by logical generalization of a known fact. Induction is the process where a certain phenomenon is observed and then a conclusion is arrived at. The seven step processes in hypothetico-deductive method are 1. Observation: It is the very first stage in which one senses that certain changes are occurring or some new behaviors , attitudes and feelings are surfacing. When the observed phenomenon are seen to have potentially important consequences , then one will proceed to preliminary information gathering. 2. Preliminary information gathering: Preliminary information gathering involves seeking of information in depth of what is observed. Through interviews and library search , the mass of information can be gathered. . Theory formulation: It is a step which attempts to integrate all information in a logical manner so that the factors responsible for the problem can be conceptualized and tested. The theoretical framework formulated is often guided by experience and intuition. Here the critical variables are examined as to their contribution or influence in explaining why the problem occurs and how it can be solved. 4. Hypothesizi ng: From the theorized network of associations among the variables, certain testable hypotheses or educated conjectures can be generated. The hypothesis thus generated is tested to determine of the statement is supported. 5. Further scientific data collection- After the development of the hypothesis, data with respect to each variable in the hypothesis need to be obtained. 6. Data analysis- The data gathered are statistically analyzed to see if the hypotheses that were generated have been supported. 7. Deduction – It is a process of arriving at conclusions by interpreting the meaning of the results of the data analysis.

Free Essays on Miss Julie

Miss Julie In Miss Julie, by August Strindberg wrote about the naturalistic view of human behavior. He symbolizes the behavior through animal imagery. The animal image Strindberg uses helps him exemplify his naturalistic view. The first animal imagery Strindberg uses is the dog. Jean uses the dog imagery to describe to Kristen how Miss Julie made her ex-fiancà © act before the break-up. â€Å" Why, she was making him jump over her riding whip the way you teach a dog to jump.† A dog is mans best friend only because a dog is an extremely loyal animal. Having Jean compare what Miss Julies did to her ex-fiancà © with what some one would do to a dog shows Miss Julies drive to be the dominant one or the master. Strindberg again uses the imagery of a dog when he has Miss Julie say, â€Å"dog who wears my collar† to Jean. Miss Julie feels that her social status is so much superior to that of Jean that their relationship could be compared to that of a master and his dog. The dog imagery in the play is also used to demonstrate the difference in social classes. In the play Miss Julie’s dog, Diana, is impregnated by the lodge-keepers pug. Kristen demonstrates Miss Julie’s disgust when she says; â€Å"She almost had poor Diana shot for running after the lodge-keepers pug.† The sexual affair between the dogs also represents the sexual affair between Jean and Miss Julie and how the two of them look down on each other. Jean looks down on Miss Julie for being surprisingly easy to obtain. While Miss Julie looks down on Jean for being a servant of hers and of a lower social class. In the play Miss Julie says that she would have killed Jean like a wild beast and Jean goes on to compare it to the killing of a mad dog. Jean comparing himself to a mad dog also shows how Miss Julie feels that Jean is a sick animal and deserves to die. Like the imagery of the dog Strindberg uses the imagery of a horse. Jean says that, â€Å"A dog may lie on th e ... Free Essays on Miss Julie Free Essays on Miss Julie Miss Julie In Miss Julie, by August Strindberg wrote about the naturalistic view of human behavior. He symbolizes the behavior through animal imagery. The animal image Strindberg uses helps him exemplify his naturalistic view. The first animal imagery Strindberg uses is the dog. Jean uses the dog imagery to describe to Kristen how Miss Julie made her ex-fiancà © act before the break-up. â€Å" Why, she was making him jump over her riding whip the way you teach a dog to jump.† A dog is mans best friend only because a dog is an extremely loyal animal. Having Jean compare what Miss Julies did to her ex-fiancà © with what some one would do to a dog shows Miss Julies drive to be the dominant one or the master. Strindberg again uses the imagery of a dog when he has Miss Julie say, â€Å"dog who wears my collar† to Jean. Miss Julie feels that her social status is so much superior to that of Jean that their relationship could be compared to that of a master and his dog. The dog imagery in the play is also used to demonstrate the difference in social classes. In the play Miss Julie’s dog, Diana, is impregnated by the lodge-keepers pug. Kristen demonstrates Miss Julie’s disgust when she says; â€Å"She almost had poor Diana shot for running after the lodge-keepers pug.† The sexual affair between the dogs also represents the sexual affair between Jean and Miss Julie and how the two of them look down on each other. Jean looks down on Miss Julie for being surprisingly easy to obtain. While Miss Julie looks down on Jean for being a servant of hers and of a lower social class. In the play Miss Julie says that she would have killed Jean like a wild beast and Jean goes on to compare it to the killing of a mad dog. Jean comparing himself to a mad dog also shows how Miss Julie feels that Jean is a sick animal and deserves to die. Like the imagery of the dog Strindberg uses the imagery of a horse. Jean says that, â€Å"A dog may lie on th e ...

John Mills onLiberity essays

John Mills onLiberity essays The fear that Mill expresses in On liberty about public opinion is communicated with three major ideas: individualism, liberty, and human nature. Public opinion has the ability of removing each one of these ideas from a democratic society, allowing for change that creates an environment that is unstable to new discoveries and ideas that are vital for evolution. This problem is deemed irrelevant by todays democratic society. However the truth of the matter is that the threat of public opinion is still as great as it was when Mill wrote On liberty. Mill is timid of public opinion for one main reason: that public opinion causes loss of individuality in society. To understand this in its entirety, one person must first understand Mills logic behind this fear. Public opinion causes people to make the same decisions which others have already have made. This choice of following the same path is unconscious, due to the fact that pubic opinion is deeply imbedded in the truths that society hold; such as education. Every extension of education promotes it (public opinion), because education brings people under common influences, and gives them access to the general stock of facts and sentiments (98). In essence, a person believes that he is making a choice when embracing the same opinion as others. However, in reality, individuals have no reassurance that education itself has not given people the same opinion. By having public opinion, no true reasoning is involved, but just accepting of facts. This lack of individual input the down fall of a society in Mills opinion, If the grounds of an opinion are not conclusive to a persons own reason, his reason cannot be strengthened, but is likely to be weakened, by his adopting it: and if the inducements to an act are not such as are conclusiveness to his own feeling and character it is so much done towards rendering his feeling and cha ...

Learning Theories of Albert Bendura Research Paper

Learning Theories of Albert Bendura - Research Paper Example Similarly, Bandura held that all sorts of learning cannot be products of reinforcement and held that social and psychological factors are associated with the process of learning. He propagated the theory of social cognitive learning and emphasized on observational learning and modeling. Similarly, Bandura also introduced several other important concepts, including reciprocal determinism, self-efficacy, self-regulation which have been beneficial to the understanding of human learning and subsequent behavior formation. In short, Bandura advocates behavior modeling and observational learning whereby a person observes and then imitates the behavior of people who are around him and whose actions motivate him.  Ã‚   While the behavioralists held that it is the environment that causes one’s behavior, Bandura went a step forward and propagated his reciprocal determinism whereby he argued that â€Å"behavior causes environment† just as environment causes behavior (Boeree 2006). He viewed human personality as an interaction of three factors-â€Å"the environment, behavior, and the person’s psychological processes† and believed that man’s cognitive faculties play a pivotal role in the formation of one’s personality (Boeree 2006). The psychological processes comprise of one’s ability to entertain images in minds and language. Bandura thus believed that learning occurs in the social context and that people learn from one another.  Ã‚   The social learning theory has been considered as Bandura’s major contribution to the field of psychology and learning. The social learning theory blends together cognitive and behavioral frameworks and the theory stresses the importance of observing and modeling on the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. For Engler (2008), Bandura maintains an agentic perspective in his socio-cognitive view of personality.  

Battered Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Battered Women - Essay Example The article also exposed the injustice of the Qatari Law against women. Under the Qatari Law, domestic workers are not protected from working long hours. The kafala system is also being subtly criticized because it prevents migrant workers from leaving their job or the country without their employer’s permission which made them subject for abuse. The audience of the article is the general public as well as Qatari authorities to address the issues of women migrant workers in their country. The purpose of the article is to advocate for the reform of the Kafala system that would allow protection for domestic women workers. The article is also convincing because it was not based on opinion but rather on hard facts such as the official record of 84,000 women migrant workers subjected to kafala system with many being abused. It also cited the call and report of amnesty International, a highly reputed international organization that protects human rights, for Qatari authorities to remedy. This article is effective because its publication is timed at circumstance where Qatari officials are being sensitive about their world image being the host of World Cup. They do not want to embarrass themselves before the world stage and issues like this are likely to be addressed which made the article effective. Klein, N. (2014, April 23). Desperate lives of women domestic workers exposed to appalling exploitation, physical violence and sexual abuse in Qatar.  Mail Online. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from

You are a health psychologist working in a smoking cessation Essay

You are a health psychologist working in a smoking cessation programme. You are asked to design a research project to promote non-smoking in a group of smokers - Essay Example ished by the National Statistics Online (UK, 2008) it is revealed that ‘in 2006, 68 per cent of smokers who were asked said they wanted to give up; nine in ten mentioned at least one health related reason for doing so’. In accordance with the above, the expansion of smoking as a common daily activity for millions of people cannot be doubted. In fact, smoking has been closely related with all aspects of daily life. For this reason, in the above survey it has been found that ‘in 2006, 59 per cent of smokers felt that it would be difficult to go without smoking for a whole day’ (National Statistics Online, UK, 2008). Although the above statistics refer to Britain, it has to be noticed that smoking is not related with a particular country. In a similar survey conducted in USA it was revealed that in the specific country ‘an estimated  25.9 million men (23.9 percent) and  20.7 million women (18.1 percent) are smokers’ (National Health Interview S urvey (NHIS),  2005, National Center for Health Statistics, in American Health Association, 2008). It is clear from the above statistics that smoking is a severe problem the expansion of which cannot be easily controlled. The specific problem has a series of consequences that are not limited to the damages of health but they can also take the form of the financial damage the person involved (cost of cigarettes – cost of treatment for diseases developed because of smoking). For the countries around the world, smoking has been proved to be a severe problem leading to a continuous increase of the cases handled by the hospitals and other medical treatment providers internationally. As an example, for England the cost of medical treatment provided to smokers has been proved to be extremely high. In a relevant survey it has been found that ‘in England, 364,000 patients are admitted to NHS hospitals each year due to diseases caused by smoking; this translates into 7,000 hosp ital admissions per week, or 1,000 day; for